Plate Tectonics Essay Essay

Assess the strength of the blood between architectonic processes and study landforms on the earths draw close.Tectonic processes have been responsible for the major landforms across the Earths surface. These processes be controlled by the convection currents rising from the Earths mantle.Firstly, one billet where tectonic activity occurs is at pelagic to oceanic constructive shell boundaries. Here both plates take leave or move away from each other, pushed apart by huge convection currents In the earths mantle. These convection currents are initiated by heat energy produced from radioactive decay in the earths core. As the convection currents move the plates away from each other, there is a weaker zone in the saddle sore and an increase in heat near the surface. The hotter, expanded crust forms a ridge. Magma rises up from the mantle in the gap. The lava cools, solidifies and forms a range of a function of vol hatfulic mountains thousands of miles long down the middle of t he ocean eg. Atlantic. There are transform faults at accountability angles to the ridge. The movement of these faults causes rift valleys to occur.Examples of these landforms created by constructive plate margins are the Mid Atlantic Ridge (MIR) , and the with child(p) African rift valley (GARV). The MIR is the result of the pairing American plate and Eurasian plate divergent in the middle of the Atlantic ocean. Here, volcanic islands such as Iceland, the Canary islands and ascension island have been created by the rising magma from the mantle. The GARV is an example of where the crust has dropped down between parallel faults to form rift valleys. As the crust subducts into the mantle it melts causing igneous activity be pathetic, magma to rise and therefore volcanoes erupt on the surface as a result. Evidence of this volcanic activity is shown by Mount Kenya and Mount Kilimanjaro. The lava here has a low viscosity, it very hot (1200 C) and has a low silica content.An example o f where landforms have been created at a divers(prenominal) plate boundary, a destructive plate margin, is where two plates, the Nazca plate, an oceanic plate, and the South American plate, a Continental plate, converge. Here, two plates meet and the labouredr oceanic lithosphere of the Nazca plate is forced down under the more floaty continental lithosphere ofthe South American plate, descending at an angle into the mantle in a process called subduction. This is marked on the ocean surface by the presence of the Peru-Chilie trench. The friction between the plates prevents the subducting oceanic plate from sliding smoothly. As it descends it drags against the overlying plate causing both fracture and deform.This results in browse shallow focus earthquakes The subduction of the Nazca plate under southern Chile produced the largest earthquake ever recorded, with a order of 9.5 in 1960. Volcanoes are also created here as one plate subducts and partially melts the magma rises up thr ough and through fissures and can reach the surface. The type of lava here is andesitic, very high in silica and not very hot resulting in a composite volcano being formed out of layers of ash and lava. The descend mountain range is an example of where a destructive plate boundary has caused the Juan de Fuca plate to subduct under the North American plate. This resulted in 15 composite volcanoes being formed, one of them, Mount St. Helens.Similar to the peru-chile region, the Japanese islands are situated in a subduction zone. In the north-centralwestern margin of the pacific oceans, the pacific plate and Filipino plate converge. On the pacific side, trenches run parallel to these islands. As one plate subducts beneath the other, it heats up and melted magmas rise towards the surface. These Japanese island arcs extend 3000km and magma produced under them form felsic plutonic rocks (granite), some of which erupts on the surface to make volcanoes. Large-scale formation of granites d evelops the crust of island arc.On the other hand, some tectonic activity doesnt produce any landform. An example is at the San Andreas Fault. Although both plates are moving in a north westerly direction, the pacific plate Is moving faster than the north American plate (7cm/year faster), so the relative movement of the north American plate is to the south east. The pacific plate is being move northwest due to the sea floor dispersion from the pacific coast rise in the disconnection of California. The North American plate is being pushed west and north due to sea floor spreading of the mid-Atlantic ridge. Movement is sporadic and jerky. Frictional forces lock the blocks of lithosphere together for years at a time. When frictional forces are overcome, the plates slip andshallow focus earthquakes are generated.Similarly, landforms can be produced without the source of tectonic activity. The Hawaiian islands are not connected with any plate boundary. The volcanic area is caused by a localized hot spot beneath the pacific plate. A concentration of radioactive elements inside the mantle whitethorn cause such a hotspot to develop. From this, a plume of magma rises to eat into the plate above the hotspot. The hotspot is stationary so as the pacific plate moves over it, lines of basaltic shield volcanoes are created. These can be eroded to have flat tops called guyots. In Hawaii, the main island is closest to the hotspot and so it is the most volcanically active. However as the pacific plate moves north west at 10cm/year, a new island, Loihi allow form as the submarine volcano builds up to sea level.Finally, collision plate boundries.. When continental and oceanic plates collide, the thinner and more dense oceanic plate is overridden by the thicker and less dense continental plate. The oceanic plate is forced don into the mantle by a process called subduction. As the oceanic plate descends it is forced into higher temperature environments. At 100 miles deep the su bducting plate begins to melt. The partial melting produces magma chambers above the subducting oceanic plate. The magma ascends through the overlying materials, melting and fracturing its way up. If the magma rises to the surface without solidifying it will break through in the form of a volcanic eruption. The Himalayan mountains are an example of where the Indian continental plate has been put under extreme pressure as it collides with the Eurasian plate, forcing the edges of the pates upwards in to a series of folds, as one subducts beneath the other.In conclusion, the strength of the relationship between tectonic processes and major landforms on earth can be described as strong. There is a exempt correlation between the events that occur at constructive, destructive and collision plate boundaries and the landforms produced consequently. Although there are situations where the two are not linked, ultimately the characteristics of the landform will have been influenced by some s oft of tectonic movement. For example, the gyves of Hawaiian hotspot islands arein this shape due to the northward movement of the pacific plate.