The Other mother Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Other mother - Essay Example Abrams writes out of her true experience, reconstructing her life together with her partner and daughter from her own personal journals, a record of her emotions and thoughts about the situation, and from her memory and the people around her during the time that the events took place. Abrams, in her author’s note in the book, reveals to the reader that she wrote the book during the time when she had no contact with her daughter. The story is told in a first-person narration. The narrator starts out with telling how her relationship with Norma blossomed from friendship to love, from being friends to starting out a relationship. Eventually they moved in together despite the narrator’s indecision because of Norma’s seemingly untruthful revelation of herself, her past life and who she is. While their relationship is going to the road of partnership, Norma decided that she wanted a baby of her own. At first, the narrator didn’t like the idea of her partner getting pregnant and herself being a mother. She had doubts but Norma was able to persuade her to the idea and they began planning it out. They searched for a sperm donor, bought baby clothes and items and attended childbirth classes as preparation. The narrator recounted the difficulties she had experienced during Norma’s pregnancy. She needed to face the hormonal instability of her partner, the whims and tantrums, including the ad ditional chores she needed to do because either Norma didn’t want to do it or was not allowed to do it. She also recounted her family’s reaction and other people’s reaction towards the pregnancy. Some approved, most expressed their concern. It was not a normal situation, lesbian partners strolling around, with one partner with a large belly carrying a child within. While Norma was having hormonal imbalances and tantrums, the narrator was also having emotional turmoils of her own, though eventually, Norma’s pregnancy brought excitement of her

Estimating Cranial Capacity Essay Example for Free

Estimating Cranial Capacity Essay Human beings share approximately 94% of their DNA with their closest living relative, the chimpanzee. Yet, when one compares the proliferation and accomplishments of these two closely related species, one finds huge differences: human beings have spread across every continent but Antarctica; erected towers and pyramids hundreds of meters tall; crafted millions of beautiful works of art, literature, and music; travelled far beyond the Earth’s atmosphere, and deep into the crevices of its oceans; and engineered enough weapons to wipe the whole world of life. In contrast, chimpanzees have remained largely confined to their jungle habitats, and amongst their greatest accomplishments is the discovery that twigs can poke insects out of holes. So, if humans and chimpanzees are so closely related, what can account for such a huge difference in their abilities? One needs not think very hard to realize that the answer is brain-size. The chimpanzee brain is about half the size of the human brain, and this difference, of about 600 cubic centimeters, is the difference between sticks and space shuttles. Thus, because larger brains confer such an overwhelming evolutionary benefit in hominids, it is safe to say that a study of hominine brain size is no less than a study of hominine evolutionary advancement, as illustrated in the graph below, which is indicative of the results obtained from such studies. Fig 1: Scatter graph typical of results obtained when comparing cranial capacities of various species of fossil hominid. Since brain tissue deteriorates over time, the only way paleontologists can approximate the brain-size of extinct species is by studying the capacity of their fossilized craniums. This is known as craniometry. Given that it is such an important area of investigation, study into craniometry has been widespread and diverse, encompassing research from such eminent and eclectic figures as the evolutionary biologist T. H. Huxley and the physician and anthropologist Paul Broca. Although such studies vary greatly in their scopes and applications, almost all utilize one of two standard craniometrical methods: the glass-bead technique (and variations like the lead-shot technique) and the caliper measurement technique. Because craniometrical researchers rely so much on these two methods, it is important that the accuracy of the methods is thoroughly investigated. Aim: The purpose of this practical is to use the glass-bead and caliper techniques to measure the cranial capacity of hominid skulls, and compare the two sets of results obtained in an attempt to determine their concord, and therefore their accuracy. Materials and Methods: The Glass Bead Technique: †¢ Measuring Cylinder †¢ Glass Beads (or items of similar size such as mustard seed or lead shot) †¢ Funnel †¢ Cotton Wool †¢ The following skull specimens: P. troglodytes (male and female specimens), G. gorilla (male and female specimens), P. pygmaeus (male and female specimens), H. sapiens (male specimen) To begin with, all of the foramina (holes) in the skulls, except for the foramina magnum, were plugged with cotton wool. Next, each skull was placed upside down. A funnel was then inserted into the foramen magnum of each skull and glass beads were poured into the cranial vault. Note that glass beads were used because they are small enough to approximate the viscosity of water, and large enough to prevent them falling through minor cracks in the skulls. When the cranial vault was completely packed with glass beads, they were transferred to a measuring cylinder, and their volume was recorded.

A Woman Behind the Wallpaper :: essays research papers

A Woman Behind The Wallpaper.† Analyzing a literary work, I have always considered setting of the story to be primarily for a reader to picture the events more vividly. However, recently I have discovered that setting often plays an important role in the development of the plot and characters of the story. Besides time and place of a literary work, setting can include social, psychological or spiritual state of the characters. Therefore setting of the story is capable of not only creating a certain atmosphere, but also help characters change, come to a realization of something, or behave a certain way. The setting of the short story by Charlotte Perkins Gilman â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† has a direct influence on the development of the plot and the main character of the story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† introduces a reader to a young lady, suffering from a major depression. She is prescribed a â€Å"rest cure†, so her husband, a physician himself, rents a house â€Å"a colonial mansion, a hereditary estate† for them to stay in during the summer. In the very first paragraph the author uses an element of gothic fiction, as the narrator declares that she feels â€Å"something strange about the house.† She describes the house as gorgeous place, except for a spacious, full of light room on its upper floor. The room her husband insisted them to stay at. The narrator assumes it has been as nursery before as â€Å"the windows are barred for little children, and there are rings and things in the walls.† Its yellow, partially stripped off, wallpaper is the true object of the narrator’s frustration, disgust, and hatred. She describes its color as â€Å"repellent, almost revolting: a smouldering unclear y ellow, strangely faded by the slow-turning sunlight. It is a dull yet lurid orange in some places, a sickly sulphur tint in others† She also claims that the wallpaper has a particular smell that follows her everywhere. It â€Å"is like the color of the paper! A yellow smell.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another aspect of setting introduced in the story is the emotional state of the narrator. There are numerous clues given in the story that reveal that she is in the state of disharmony with herself and the role of a housewife she is forced to play by her husband and the society of that time. She is unhappy with her marriage and her position in the family.

Patient Satisfaction

Patient satisfaction is critically important to the health care industry today due to the competitive nature of the field. Patients have many choices when it comes to seeking medical attention, and hospitals are dependent on return business to stay operational. Hospitals have traditionally utilized the semi-private room model in order to increase profitability. A semi-private room is a room shared by two patients. Each patient is given their own bed, but they usually share a single bathroom. Unfortunately the financial practice of using semi-private rooms comes at the expense of patient satisfaction. Research has shown that private rooms increase patient satisfaction, because of the decreased likelihood of nosocomial infection, a quieter environment, and the inherent privacy afforded when conducting patient care. Nosocomial Infection Perhaps the biggest challenge facing healthcare today is the epidemic of hospital acquired (nosocomial) infection. Patients come to the hospital for varying degrees of injury, or illness with the expectation of receiving medical treatment. What they are not expecting is exposure to potentially life threatening infections during their stay. According to a joint study by Jimma University and Addis Ababa University the most common causative agent found in nosocomial infection is Staphylococcus aureus. This harmful pathogen can be transmitted via direct or indirect contact. This means the pathogen can be transmitted by patient to patient contact, staff to patient contact, or the sharing of a common surface like a toilet seat (Bereket et al. , 2012). Patients in private rooms are far less likely to come into contact with each other, shared surfaces, or shared medical equipment all of which can harbor infectious microorganisms (Skocynska et al. , 2012). Standardizing the practice of private rooms can greatly reduce nosocomial infection rates within patient populations. Patient's who contract nosocomial infection are bound to have lower satisfaction rates. By reducing the nosocomial infection rate hospitals can ensure increased patient satisfaction. To make matters worse strains of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are becoming commonplace. MRSA is easily transmittable and resistant to most commonly used antimicrobial agents (Bereket et al. , 2012). Nosocomial infections such as MRSA result in increased length of stay, higher morbidity rates, and increased cost of hospitalization. Recent studies have shown that each exposure to a new roommate in the hospital setting results in a 10% increase in the risk of acquiring MRSA (Stall, 2012). Private rooms eliminate the possibility of exposure to MRSA infection related to roommates in the hospital setting, which vastly reduces the rate of hospital acquired MRSA infections amongst all patient populations. Reducing the spread of MRSA can result in decreased length of stay, lower morbidity rates, and decreased cost of hospitalization. A hospital concerned about patient satisfaction can see the value that private rooms have to offer when it comes to reducing MRSA exposure. Proper hygiene is also of major concern where nosocomial infection is concerned. Unfortunately staff members are usually to blame for spreading infectious microorganisms from one patient to the next. Studies have shown healthcare professionals are more likely to perform hand hygiene between patient rooms rather than between beds in the same room (Bereket et al. , 2012). This is not necessarily due to a failing on the part of healthcare professionals, but a failing of healthcare systems utilizing semi private rooms. Take this scenario for instance: a nurse is working with a patient in a semiprivate room when suddenly the bed alarm goes off on the neighboring bed. The roommate is an elderly female with Alzheimer's-dementia who recently fell at home and suffered a fractured hip. The nurse has already been in physical contact with one patient and now has to take action in order to prevent the roommate from falling. The nurse must act quickly to prevent a fall-related injury and does not have time to perform hand hygiene before assisting the roommate back to bed. This nurse would not have been put in such a position had her patients been placed in private rooms to begin with. Standardizing the use of private rooms prevents situations such as the above from occurring, promotes proper hand hygiene amongst healthcare professionals, and protects patients from unnecessary exposure to nosocomial infection. Peace and Quiet Nosocomial infection is not the only issue having a devastating effect on patient satisfaction. In fact the most common complaints in hospitals today are noise related (Eggertson, 2012). With patient satisfaction being of paramount importance hospital systems should be paying close attention to what bothers their patients. Loud roommates, visitors, medical alarms, and television sets can worsen an already noisy environment for a patient trying to get some much needed rest. Some patients need more frequent monitoring than others. A post-operative patient may need to have their vital signs checked hourly, a diabetic may need to have their blood sugars checked regularly, and a patient on a high risk infusion may need constant monitoring. This can be extremely disrupting for the patient in the neighboring bed. Some patient's may also have numerous visitors, watch TV late at night, or be just generally disruptive to their neighbor. Private rooms may not address all noise complaints in the hospital, but will at the very least resolve those related to roommates. Considering this issue is the number one patient complaint in hospitals today it is guaranteed to increase patient satisfaction. In addition to being the number one patient complaint excessive noise has been proven to cause sleep disturbances in hospitalized patients. Sleep disturbances result in increased lengths of stay, increased morbidity, and higher costs of care (Buxton et al. , 2012). Patients recovering from surgery or acute illness need undisturbed rest periods for proper healing. An unnecessarily extended, complicated, and expensive hospital stay caused by sleep deprivation is extremely detrimental to patient satisfaction. Private rooms increase the quality of sleep, reduce lengths of stay, decrease morbidity, and result in a lower cost of care. These factors result in increased patient satisfaction. Noise-related issues in hospitals not only affect the adult population, but can have deleterious effects on the infant population as well. The neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) often places infants in nurseries where multiple babies are cared for in the same room. NICUs consist of high risk infants with varying degrees of illness. Some of the infants being cared for require constant monitoring and intervention. This can result in a very ill infant receiving care that involves noisy alarms, life saving machinery, and ongoing care-related activity. The result is sleep disturbances, increased tress levels, and compromised healing processes for all infants in the room. Placing infants in private rooms eliminates the noise concerns created by the delivery of care for other infants and facilitates family interaction with the ill infant (Feldman, 2009). This results in better outcomes for the infants and happier parents. Considering the fact that infants are not old enough to make decisio ns regarding where to seek medical treatment, it is necessary for hospitals to recognize that parental perception of infant care is of paramount importance to patient satisfaction. Respecting Privacy Another large concern affecting patient satisfaction is related to patient privacy. In 1996 the U. S. Department of Health & Human Services (HHS) instituted the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in order to protect patient privacy (HHS, 2013). HIPAA violations can have a devastating effect on a hospital's financial health, with each violation resulting in up to $1. 5 million in penalties annually (AMA, 2012). In a financially unstable economy with reimbursement rates at an all time low these penalties can add to existing budget deficits. Budget deficits in a healthcare system result in understaffing, which leads to disgruntled employees and higher patient-to-staff ratios. Understaffing leads to the degradation of patient care. A prime example of this is call bell response time. Patients do not appreciate having to wait twenty minutes for a staff member to respond to a call button. When there is a high patient to staff ratio the time it takes for staff to respond to each patient call lengthens. Unfortunately when hospital administrators make budget cuts, cutting staffing is usually where they begin. Private rooms can help prevent HIPAA violations from occurring during the delivery of care, which can save a hospital millions of dollars in penalties, and allow greater financial resources for staffing needs. A financially healthy hospital can afford to keep a reasonable patient-to-staff ratio, which allows for staff members to deliver quality care in a timely fashion, and results in greater patient satisfaction. The financial repercussions of HIPAA violations are not the only concern when it comes to patient privacy. Patient perception of measures taken to protect privacy during hospitalization has a great impact on patient satisfaction. Performing patient care while maintaining a patient's right to privacy is nearly impossible in a semi-private room. A study conducted by Juliet Whitehead and Dr. Herman Wheeler shows that patients define and conceptualize privacy by the following criteria: â€Å"Privacy of information, e. g. having one's conversation being not over heard. Privacy of person and body, e. g. not being viewed during one's private moments. Having one's own personal space. † (Whitehead & Wheeler, 2008). The very concept of sharing a room with another person makes it extremely difficult to conceptualize having personal space. The delivery of care almost always involves private bodily functions and the sharing of private information. Privacy cannot be reasonably protected in the delivery of care when two patients share a room with nothing but a curtain separating them. Private rooms increase a patient's perception of the privacy they experience during their stay, which is of great importance in increasing patient satisfaction levels. The most common form of HIPAA violations occur when healthcare is being delivered to a patient in the presence of others without obtaining the patient's informed consent (Ziel, 2004). In a semi-private room a nurse has to ask her patient if it is OK to discuss details of the patient's care in front of anyone who happens to be present at the moment. If the patient does not agree the nurse is required to provide a private setting in which to discuss, or deliver care. This means that if a patient is in a semi-private room the nurse is required to move her patient to a private area, or ask the roommate to leave while care is performed. In reality it does not happen this way in the hospital setting. Care is delivered regardless of whether or not there is a roommate present. Nurses do ask visitors to leave the room while delivering care if a patient requests, but do not ask other patients to do so. This means that privacy violations occur multiple times a day to patients in semi-private rooms. The use of private rooms makes it much easier to deliver care while protecting patient privacy and thereby increases patient satisfaction. Conclusion With the ever growing research indicating that private rooms increase patient satisfaction it is truly a wonder why some hospital systems continue to argue against the switch to private patient rooms. Whether by decreasing nosocomial infection rates, providing quieter environments, or increasing patient privacy the use of private rooms clearly has a positive impact on patient satisfaction. In an extremely competitive economy where patients have a choice where they will seek medical attention it seems only logical that patient satisfaction should be a top priority when considering the choice between private or semi-private rooms. Hospitals that chose to listen to their patient population will soon realize that private rooms result in greater patient satisfaction and return business. References American Medical Association (2013). HIPAA Violations and Enforcement. Retrieved from https://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/solutions-managing-your-practice/coding-billing-insurance/hipaahealth-insurance-portability-accountability-act/hipaa-violations-enforcement.page Bereket, W., Hemalatha, K., Getenet, B., Wondwossen, T., Solomon, A., Zeynudin, A., & Kannan, S. (2012). Update on bacterial nosocomial infections.  European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences,  16(8), 1039-1044. Buxton, O., Ellenbogen, J., Wang, W., Carballeira, A., O'Connor, S., Cooper, D., & †¦ Solet, J. (2012). Sleep disruption due to hospital noises: a prospective evaluation.  Annals of Internal Medicine,  157(3), 170-179. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-157-3-201208070-00472 Eggertson, L. (2012). Hospital noise.  The Canadian Nurse,  108(4), 28-31. Feldman, L. (2009). Patient safety. Private rooms becoming the standard in NICUs. Hospitals & Health Networks/AHA, 83(11), 10. Lorenz , S., & Dreher, H. (2011). Hospital room design and health outcomes of the aging adult.  Herd,  4(2), 23-35. SkoczyÅ„ska, A., Sadowy, E., Krawiecka, D., Czajkowska-Malinowska, M., Ciesielska, A., Przybylski, G., & †¦ Hryniewicz, W. (2012). Nosocomial outbreak of Streptococcus pneumoniae Spain9VST15614 clone in a pulmonary diseases ward.  Polskie Archiwum Medycyny WewnÄ™trznej,  122(7-8), 361-366. Stall, N. (2012). Private rooms: a choice between infection and profit. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association

Economics and Dahlia Furniture Private Essay

On August 1984, Mr. Chua Boon Kang and Mr. Leong Sim Lam bought over Peter Lim’s forty six percent (46%) stake at Dahlia Furniture Private Limited. Although co-owners at one time, Mr. Chua and Mr. Leong have found Mr. Lim’s management of the company to be unsatisfactory. Some reorganization took place as most of the production workers who were doing subcontracting orders solely for Dahlia had resigned due to poor company performance in 1982. Dahlia also sold off seventy five thousand dollars ($75,000) worth of machinery used for mass producing furniture which was previously purchased by a former Managing Director, who has since left the company. Now at the helm, both are uncertain about the long term direction of the company. Meanwhile, they are both concerned over maintaining sales growth in a highly competitive industry. Dahlia Furniture made its entrance into the furniture industry in 1972 as subcontractors to two large furniture concerns, Ching Lin and Diethelm. It supplied mainly wall units and kitchen cabinets while bedrooms sets and dining sets were subcontracted out or obtained from local suppliers. Business went well and the company decided to branch into retailing. Between 1979 and 198, Dahlia acquired two factories At Ang Mo Kio and Upper Thomson at a cost of $400,000 and $300,000, respectively. The factory At Ang Mo Kio was rented out on a monthly basis to furniture makers who were also subcontractors to Dahlia. The company also acquired two or more showrooms in the Bukid Timah and Upper Thomson area in 1978 and 1982, respectively. I. TIME CONTEXT The Dahlia Furniture Private Limited Case (Case) was developed in 1985 by Mr. Ch’ng Hak Kee and Ms. Jeannie Teoh from the National University of Singapore. (Reference: Book) The case, as described is dated in the 1980’s in which Singapore’s economy was dependent on external markets and suppliers pushed. In the 1980s, Singapore was a free port with only a few revenue tariffs and a small set of protective tariffs. It had no foreign exchange controls or domestic price controls. There were no controls on private enterprise or investment, nor any limitations on profit remittance or repatriation of capital. Foreign corporations were welcome, foreign investment was solicited, and fully 70 percent of the investment in manufacturing was foreign. (mongabay.com) This shows that there is quite a contrast with regards to foreign policies as compared to the Philippines which has more stringent rules with regards to foreign investments considering that both countries are within the same region and are at the time regarded as developing nations. For the first two decades of its independence (1963, Britain and 1965 from Malaysia), Singapore enjoyed continuous high economic growth, largely outperforming the world economy. Its GDP growth rate never fell below 5 percent and rose as high as 15 percent. At the same time, Singapore managed to maintain an inflation rate below world averages. However, the 1985 international recession severely affected the economy as Singapore is dependent on foreign investments. However, due to better policy making, the country, on the same decade experienced a rise of the construction and manufacturing industries. By 1988, Singapore has rebounded. (wiki) II. VIEWPOINT As the more important decision makers for the company, Mr. Chua and Mr. Leong have to decide on the direction of the company where they want to be. Since the case does not directly supply a problem, it is presumed that the students are to make decisions based on the interpretation of the case. III. MAJOR POLICY STATEMENT The furniture business industry vision, the philosophy is built upon providing tailor-made business furniture solutions that exceeds our client’s unique needs and expectations whilst remaining cost competitive. IV. CURRENT BUSINESS POLICY V. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM VI. STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVE a. Long Term i. To develop strategies that will enhance and raise sales figures ii. To be highly competitive aginst both foreign and domestic competitors b. Short Term iii. To improve company’s position in the market iv. To exceed sales figure from the previous year VII. SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHS| WEAKNESSES| 1. Target Market is well defined 2. Multiple supply/inventory sources 3. Stable Management (as of 1984) 4. High quality Image 5. Highly profitable Branch (Orchard Area)| 1. Limited Market 2. Slow moving imported inventory 3. Primary Decision Makers are indirect Competitors 4. Low Profit Branches| OPPURTUNITIES| THREATS| 1. Re-exportation 2. New design trends 3. Improve profits from weaker branches 4. Open market for imported furniture| 1. Conflict on interests between the decision makers and the company 2. Loss of competent managers 3. Gradual changes in economic policies of the government 4. Loss of clients to competitors| VIII. ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION 1. Import all products and continue its high quality and fairly expensive image with middle and upper income family’s clientele. 2. Expand its production unit and contend with competitors through lowering of prices to reach a larger market, the mass. 3. To formulate a proportionate inventory acquisition with some products imported and some manufactured, to drive away competition and at the same time, maintain its present image, also to reach all brackets of prospective clientele. IX. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES X. DECISION STATEMENT XI. IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAMS XII. PROPOSED BUSINESS POLICIES XIII. MANAGEMENT LESSONS LEARNED Dahlia Furniture Private Limited I. Problem : What way of acquiring inventories should Dahlia employ to maximize profit and improve the company’s position? II. Alternatives : A. Import all products and continue its high quality and fairly expensive image with middle and upper income family’s clientele. B. Expand its production unit and contend with competitors through lowering of prices to reach a larger market, the mass. C. To formulate a proportionate inventory acquisition with some products imported and some manufactured, to drive away competition and at the same time, maintain its present image, also to reach all brackets of prospective clientele. III. Advantages and Disadvantages * Advantages for Alternative A * Dahlia would be free from hiring more labor. * Will maintain its present image for quality and pricing. * No overhead costs. * Smaller units of products are needed to be sold because of its price * Problems about filling their showrooms are rapidly solved. Disadvantages for Alternative A * Would turn out costly if not sold two months or more. * Dahlia would be driven away by competitors because of erratic pricing. * It could not cater to the mass market. * It will be pinpointed by government for using foreign labor and might affect its credibility. * Advantages for Alternative B * Will not incur large cost, even inventory remain idle for quite some time. * The company can now afford to cater the mass market. * Can now drive the competition. * Will not violate government’s policy on foreign labor. Disadvantages for Alternative B * Will incur large overhead cost. * Company’s current image might be at stake. * Has to hire more labor that will boost costs. * Might incur losses if driven away by erratic pricing. * Advantages for Alternative C * Lower risk for the company. * Will neutralize all costs. * Will have a larger†¦ [continues]

Oliver Goldsmiths Classic Essay on the Man in Black

Oliver Goldsmith's Classic Essay on the Man in Black Best known for his comic play She Stoops to Conquer and the novel The Vicar of Wakefield, Oliver Goldsmith was also one of the most prominent essayists of the 18th century. The Character of the Man in Black (originally published in the Public Ledger) appears in Goldsmiths most popular essay collection, The Citizen of the World. Though Goldsmith said that the Man in Black was modeled on his father, an Anglican curate, more than one critic has observed that the character bears a striking resemblance to the author: In fact, Goldsmith himself seems to have had difficulty reconciling his philosophic opposition to charity with his own tenderness toward the poorthe conservative with the man of feeling. . . . As foolishly luxurious as Goldsmith may have considered [the Man in Blacks] behavior, he apparently found it natural and almost unavoidable for a man of sentiment.(Richard C. Taylor, Goldsmith as Journalist . Associated University Presses, 1993) After reading The Character of the Man in Black, you may find it worthwhile to compare the essay with Goldsmiths A City Night-Piece and with George Orwells Why Are Beggars Despised? Letter 26: The Character of the Man in Black, With Some Instances of His Inconsistent Conduct To the Same. 1 Though fond of many acquaintances, I desire an intimacy only with a few. The Man in Black, whom I have often mentioned, is one whose friendship I could wish to acquire, because he possesses my esteem. His manners, it is true, are tinctured with some strange inconsistencies; and he may be justly termed a humorist in a nation of humorists. Though he is generous even to profusion, he affects to be thought a prodigy of parsimony and prudence; though his conversation be replete with the most sordid and selfish maxims, his heart is dilated with the most unbounded love. I have known him profess himself a man-hater, while his cheek was glowing with compassion; and, while his looks were softened into pity, I have heard him use the language of the most unbounded ill-nature. Some affect humanity and tenderness, others boast of having such dispositions from nature; but he is the only man I ever knew who seemed ashamed of his natural benevolence. He takes as much pains to hide his feelings, as any hypocrite would to conceal his indifference; but on every unguarded moment the mask drops off, and reveals him to the most superficial observer. 2 In one of our late excursions into the country, happening to discourse upon the provision that was made for the poor in England, he seemed amazed how any of his countrymen could be so foolishly weak as to relieve occasional objects of charity, when the laws had made such ample provision for their support. In every parish-house, says he, the poor are supplied with food, clothes, fire, and a bed to lie on; they want no more, I desire no more myself; yet still they seem discontented. I am surprised at the inactivity of our magistrates in not taking up such vagrants, who are only a weight upon the industrious; I am surprised that the people are found to relieve them, when they must be at the same time sensible that it in some measure encourages idleness, extravagance, and imposture. Were I to advise any man for whom I had the least regard, I would caution him by all means not to be imposed upon by their false pretences; let me assure you, sir, they are imposters, every one of them; and rather merit a prison than relief. 3 He was proceeding in this strain earnestly, to dissuade me from an imprudence of which I am seldom guilty, when an old man, who still had about him the remnants of tattered finery, implored our compassion. He assured us that he was no common beggar, but forced into the shameful profession to support a dying wife and five hungry children. Being prepossessed against such falsehoods, his story had not the least influence upon me; but it was quite otherwise with the Man in Black: I could see it visibly operate upon his countenance, and effectually interrupt his harangue. I could easily perceive, that his heart burned to relieve the five starving children, but he seemed ashamed to discover his weakness to me. While he thus hesitated between compassion and pride, I pretended to look another way, and he seized this opportunity of giving the poor petitioner a piece of silver, bidding him at the same time, in order that I should hear, go work for his bread, and not tease passengers with suc h impertinent falsehoods for the future. 4 As he had fancied himself quite unperceived, he continued, as we proceeded, to rail against beggars with as much animosity as before: he threw in some episodes on his own amazing prudence and economy, with his profound skill in discovering impostors; he explained the manner in which he would deal with beggars, were he a magistrate; hinted at enlarging some of the prisons for their reception, and told two stories of ladies that were robbed by beggarmen. He was beginning a third to the same purpose, when a sailor with a wooden leg once more crossed our walks, desiring our pity, and blessing our limbs. I was for going on without taking any notice, but my friend looking wistfully upon the poor petitioner, bid me stop, and he would show me with how much ease he could at any time detect an impostor. 5 He now, therefore, assumed a look of importance, and in an angry tone began to examine the sailor, demanding in what engagement he was thus disabled and rendered unfit for service. The sailor replied in a tone as angrily as he, that he had been an officer on board a private ship of war, and that he had lost his leg abroad, in defence of those who did nothing at home. At this reply, all my friends importance vanished in a moment; he had not a single question more to ask: he now only studied what method he should take to relieve him unobserved. He had, however, no easy part to act, as he was obliged to preserve the appearance of ill-nature before me, and yet relieve himself by relieving the sailor. Casting, therefore, a furious look upon some bundles of chips which the fellow carried in a string at his back, my friend demanded how he sold his matches; but, not waiting for a reply, desired in a surly tone to have a shillings worth. The sailor seemed at first surprised at his demand, b ut soon recollected himself, and presenting his whole bundle, Here master, says he, take all my cargo, and a blessing into the bargain. 6 It is impossible to describe with what an air of triumph my friend marched off with his new purchase: he assured me that he was firmly of opinion that those fellows must have stolen their goods who could thus afford to sell them for half value. He informed me of several different uses to which those chips might be applied; he expatiated largely upon the savings that would result from lighting candles with a match, instead of thrusting them into the fire. He averred, that he would as soon have parted with a tooth as his money to those vagabonds, unless for some valuable consideration. I cannot tell how long this panegyric upon frugality and matches might have continued, had not his attention been called off by another object more distressful than either of the former. A woman in rags, with one child in her arms, and another on her back, was attempting to sing ballads, but with such a mournful voice that it was difficult to determine whether she was singing or crying. A wretch, who i n the deepest distress still aimed at good-humour, was an object my friend was by no means capable of withstanding: his vivacity and his discourse were instantly interrupted; upon this occasion his very dissimulation had forsaken him. Even in my presence he immediately applied his hands to his pockets, in order to relieve her; but guess his confusion, when he found he had already given away all the money he carried about him to former objects. The misery painted in the womans visage was not half so strongly expressed as the agony in his. He continued to search for some time, but to no purpose, till, at length recollecting himself, with a face of ineffable good-nature, as he had no money, he put into her hands his shillings worth of matches.

Al Khwarizmi Essays

Al Khwarizmi Essays Al Khwarizmi Paper Al Khwarizmi Paper Formulas for the Future By Kyle Horn Mr. Davenport Algebra 3 9-15-10 Abu Ja’far Muhammad ibn Musa Al-khwarizmi, was a Persian mathematician, geographer, and astronomer. He was born sometime in 780 AD in Baghdad, then later died there around 850 AD. At that time the area he lived in was the epicentre of an Islamic empire which extended from the Mediterranean all the way to India. He was a scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. â€Å"The word al-Khwarizmi is pronounced in classical Arabic as Al-Khwarizmi† (bookrags) Al-khwarizmi was the author of over half a dozen astronomical books. The most remarkable was titled Al-jabr w’al muqabala , which was written around 830 AD. Al-khwarizmi did most of his research and writing in the House of Wisdom, along side other scholars. His book Al-jabr w’al muqabala is what gave the branch Al-jabr to mathematics. It is now known as algebra. â€Å"The word al-jabr is usually translated as restoring, with reference to restoring the balance in an equation by placing on one side of an equation a term that has been removed from the other. † (ms) For example 2x+2=8, the balance is restored by writing 2x=6 and then x=3. The second part of the title, al muqabala, probably meant simplification, as in the case of combining 2x+5x to obtain 7x, or by subtracting out equivalent terms from both sides of an equation†. (bookrags) In the Latin translation of al-Khwarizmis Algebra , it opens with a brief introductory statement of the positional principle for numbers and then proceeds to the solution in six short chapters of six types of quadratics: â€Å"(1) squares equal to roots, ( x2=square root of 2), (2) squares equal to numbers, ( x2 =2), (3) roots equal to numbers (square root of x = 2), (4) squares and roots equal to numbers ( ), (5) squares and umbers equal to roots ( x2+1=9), and (6) roots and numbers equal to squares ( 3x+4=x2) (members. aol. com). Chapter I covers the case of squares equal to roots, expressed in modern notation as x2+5x, x(2/3)=4x, 52+10x , giving the answers x = 5, x = 12, and x= 2 respectively. † (ms) Al-khwarizmi used the term â€Å"power† to describe a square. It is said that Al-khwarizmi describing the power of an unknown or a variable (x) designed the root as of a plant, which was the origin of the term we now use in schools and colleges. Al-khwarizmi developed the algebraic terms and condition that, after a thousand years, are still being taught in schools today. His foundation has inspired mathematicians all around the world. His book has enlightened all of us. He has impacted everything from commerce to rocket science. His studies give a way to find the unknown. Without him there is so much we would not have in this day and age. because of him we have infinite knowledge highway, or the internet. Because of him so much technology has been inspired by his works. We have the computer, ipods, tvs, cars, tractors, and airplanes. Like the Wright Brothers said, â€Å" we may have built the airplane, but math made it fly. † Who’s to say, â€Å"If Al khwarizmi hadn’t developed a system of algebra, then someone else would surely have done it. † Then again, maybe not! Maybe names like, Albert Einstein, Stephen Hawking, and Wernher Von Braun would not appear in our history books and we’d be riding horses to school and work. Many events in history have dramatically altered the paths of men and mankind, but none are any more profound than Al-khwarizmi and his insight into the practical functions and applications of algebraic formula. eb cite (history) Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi. Al-Khwarizmi Summary. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Sept. 2012. lt;http://www-history. mcs. st-andrews. ac. uk/Mathematicians/Al-Khwarizmi. htmlgt;. (bookrags) Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi Biography. BookRags. BookRags, n. d. Web. 17 Sept. 2012. lt; bookrags. com/biography/abu-jafar-muham mad-ibn-musa-al-khwarizmi-wom/gt;. (ms) Al-khwa2. html. Al-khwa2. html. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Sept. 2012. lt; ms. uky. edu/~carl/ma330/project2/al-khwa21. htmlgt;.

Los apellidos hispanos más frecuentes en EE.UU.

Los apellidos hispanos ms frecuentes en EE.UU. En la actualidad, 3  apellidos hispanos estn entre los 10  ms comunes de los Estados Unidos  y 6 entre los 15 ms frecuentes. Este dato no debe sorprender ya que hay ms de 57,5 millones de latinos en el paà ­s, conformando el 17,8 por ciento del total de la poblacià ³n. En este artà ­culo se enumeran cules son los apellidos latinos ms frecuentes, segà ºn datos del Bureau del Censo y, tambià ©n, su significado. A continuacià ³n se lista cules son los 10 ms comunes, sin importar el origen à ©tnico o racial y, finalmente, se incluye informacià ³n relevante sobre derechos de los nià ±os nacidos en Estados Unidos y documentos que sirven para acreditar su ciudadanà ­a. Destacar que para el Bureau del Censo, los tà ©rminos latino e hispano pueden utilizarse como sinà ³nimos y que para esta oficina del gobierno son latinas las personas con procedencia en: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Espaà ±a, Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, Guatemala, Honduras, Mà ©xico, Nicaragua, Panam, Paraguay, Perà º, Repà ºblica Dominicana, Uruguay y Venezuela. Adems, para otras agencias del gobierno, los brasileà ±os tambià ©n estarà ­an incluidos en esta categorà ­a. Apellidos hispanos ms frecuentes en Estados Unidos Estos son los 10 apellidos hispanos ms comunes, segà ºn datos del à ºltimo censo de 2010, en orden de frecuencia empezando con el ms numeroso, con especificacià ³n entre parà ©ntesis del nà ºmero que ocupa entre los 15 ms frecuentes del censo total, que incluye toda clase de apellidos. Garcà ­a (6) Rodrà ­guez (9) Martà ­nez (10)Hernndez (11)Là ³pez (12)Gonzlez (13) Adems, se encuentran entre los 100 ms comunes: Pà ©rez Snchez Ramà ­rezTorres Flores Rivera Gà ³mez Dà ­az Reyes Cruz Morales Ortiz Gutià ©rrez Significado de Garcà ­a y Rodrà ­guez y otros apellidos hispanos   Garcà ­a es el apellido latino ms frecuente en USA. Se le atribuyen diversos orà ­genes y significados. Una de las interpretaciones ms aceptadas es que originalmente pudo significar oso. Lo que sà ­ es seguro es que ya aparecà ­a por escrito en documentos de finales del siglo VIII en lo que hoy es la provincia espaà ±ola de Navarra. En la actualidad es el apellido ms frecuente en Espaà ±a y es tambià ©n muy frecuente en Latinoamà ©rica. En concreto, en Mà ©xico es el tercero ms comà ºn despuà ©s de Hernndez y Là ³pez.   En cuanto a Rodrà ­guez, su origen se encuentra en el reino medieval de Leà ³n y significa hijo de Rodrigo. En Espaà ±a es el tercer apellido ms comà ºn, mientras que en Colombia ocupa el lugar nà ºmero dos, despuà ©s de Gonzlez. En Argentina, Chile, Mà ©xico y Venezuela es, tambià ©n, muy frecuente y en Repà ºblica Dominicana es el ms comà ºn. Martà ­nez tiene tambià ©n un origen medieval en Espaà ±a, pero se le atribuyen distintos puntos de origen. Significa hijo de Martà ­n. Las familias que lo llevan, al igual que ocurre con los apellidos que acaban en -ez, no tienen un origen comà ºn, aunque provienen del antiguo reino de Castilla. Hernndez sigue la misma dinmica que los apellidos anteriores, y significa hijo de Hernando.  Por su parte, Là ³pez significa hijo de Lope, un nombre que antiguamente era comà ºn y procede de la palabra latina Lupus, que significa lobo. Gonzlez y su variacià ³n Gonzales significan hijo de Gonzalo, un nombre muy frecuente en la à ©poca medieval en Espaà ±a. Pà ©rez quiere decir hijo de Pedro o de Pero. Esta à ºltima es la versià ³n aragonesa del mismo nombre. Por su parte Snchez significa hijo de Sancho. En su origen era muy comà ºn en los territorios que hoy son las provincias espaà ±olas de Cceres y Salamanca. Y Ramà ­rez significa hijo de Ramiro. Finalmente, Torres, el à ºltimo apellido hispano que se coloca entre los 50 ms frecuentes de Estados Unidos, tiene un origen distinto. Es decir, no significa hijo de, sino que est asociado con un lugar con torres. Este apellido en su origen est relacionado con poder. Cà ³mo es que hay tantos apellidos hispanos en Estados Unidos Sucesivos flujos migratorios a lo largo de la historia han cambiando notablemente la composicià ³n racial y à ©tnica de los Estados Unidos. En el caso de los hispanos, destacar que siempre ha habido presencia de latinos. Por ejemplo, Saint Augustine, en Florida, es la ciudad con ocupacià ³n continuada ms antigua en EE.UU. y es de origen espaà ±ol.   Adems, la poblacià ³n de origen latino aumentà ³ significativamente despuà ©s de la anexià ³n de Texas en 1845, la ganancia de los territorios del suroeste americano y California tras la guerra entre Mà ©xico y Estados Unidos de 1846-1848 y la toma de posesià ³n de Puerto Rico en 1898. Pero lo que est detrs del espectacular crecimiento en nà ºmeros de latinos en las à ºltimas dà ©cadas es el aumento de la inmigracià ³n procedente de Latinoamà ©rica que ha convertido a  los hispanos en la primera minorà ­a del paà ­s, superando a los  afroamericanos. Muchos de los latinos son nuevos inmigrantes que adquirieron primero el permiso de residencia por peticià ³n de un familiar, pero en la actualidad incluso ms son latinos que son  estadounidenses de nacimiento al haber nacido en los Estados Unidos que emigrantes En los casos de personas nacidas en el paà ­s, es importante obtener cuanto antes el certificado de nacimiento. Si bien es cierto que en en algunos condados, como sucede en el sur de Texas, los padres indocumentados estn teniendo muchos problemas para obtener este documento de sus hijos para acreditar la ciudadanà ­a del menor. Adems, hay que tener en cuenta que tambià ©n pueden surgir problemas en casos de bebà ©s nacidos aquà ­ cuando los paps tienen visas de turista. Pero el censo refleja un gran aumento en apellidos latinos no sà ³lo por esos dos motivos –inmigracià ³n y nacimientos– sino tambià ©n porque a diferencia de lo que era comà ºn en à ©pocas pasadas, los inmigrantes actuales prefieren conservar sus nombres y apellidos y no hacerlos anglosajones. Esto era comà ºn en todos los grupos de inmigrantes para intentar evitar discriminacià ³n y demostrar asimilacià ³n al nuevo paà ­s, pero en la actualidad es algo infrecuente Los 10apellidos ms comunes en Estados Unidos Para las personas interesadas, esta es la lista de los apellidos ms comunes, sean latinos o no, segà ºn datos del à ºltimo censo, que es el de 2010 porque en Estados Unidos se actualiza sà ³lo cada 10 aà ±os. Hay listados diferentes pero en este artà ­culo se ha utilizado ese listado oficial: SmithJohnsonWilliamsBrownJonesGarcà ­aMillerDavisRodrà ­guezMartà ­nez Curiosidades sobre latinos en Estados Unidos Es muy interesante conocer estas  7 aportaciones de los hispanos a la cultura estadounidense  o estas 10 curiosidades que pueden sorprender y entretener. Este artà ­culo es informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.

Nuisance and Tresspass Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nuisance and Tresspass Law - Essay Example What is important in the determination of private nuisance is the element of infringing the right of enjoyment of property. In nuisance, the interference must be indirect and may result into damages. Some of the nuisance cause here include dust, noise, lose of sleep, destruction of rose and interference with having rest in the family’s garden. Where nuisance has resulted into damages, proof will be easier for the plaintiff (Gearty, 1989). David’s quiet right of enjoyment of his property has been infringed by Advise Harrington & Nephew Ltd. In lodging a case against the company, David will have the obligation f proving that there was unreasonable interference in the enjoyment f his rights on his land. Because the land existing was bought by David and David occupied the same piece of land, he has the right to claim that the actions of the company interfered with his rights on the land. For private nuisance to be acceptable there must be an element of continuity (Pollock, n.d). A onetime interference with a neighbour does not constitute a nuisance. In this case, the company continued with their operation even during the night making their actions unreasonable. The noise from the company made David and his family fail to sleep at night. The court’s decision will therefore be similar to that of De Keyser’s Royal Hotel Ltd. v Spicer Brothers Ltd. ... Moreover, the nature of the neighbourhood will be relevant when coming up with the verdict. In this case, it is David who bought the land next to the company. However, this argument will be impotent in this case because of the nature of damage. Location is only considered to the limit of enjoyment of occupation and not injury to property (Darbyshire, 2010). Because the Rose that was a gift during the family’s wedding die, the nuisance caused injury to property. The chemical emissions from the company further damaged, Wally’s car that was parked outside the house. The case of Esson provides a precedent of the same. In addition, David was not an abnormal claimant as the noise, dust or smell would affect the enjoyment of rights of any normal person. The claimant would therefore succeed in this respect and the court could move ahead to issue an injunction. This will therefore not be relevant n this case. Defendant’s lack of care Harrington & Nephew Ltd failed to care about their neighbours during the production period. The company ought to have taken measures to reduce the impact of dust, noise and chemicals to their neighbours. In a similar case of Andrae V Selfridge (1938) the claimant who was a hotel owner recovered damage from the defendant who caused unnecessary noise and damage during demolition. Harrington & Nephew ltd could claim the following to reduce their liability for nuisance to David. Consent; the defendant can claim that the consent claimant was granted before the commission of the tortuous action. In this case, David’s consent was not sought making this defence irrelevant. Secondly, the defendant can claim that the action being complained about

Leadership Traits - Donald Trump Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership Traits - Donald Trump - Assignment Example In 1981, he bought the Trump Plaza in New York City and in 1982, bought a weekend estate in Greenwich, Connecticut. In 1983, the construction of Trump Tower was completed and USFL New Jersey Generals was acquired. In 1984, Trump opened Harrah’s at Trump Plaza Casino in Atlantic City. Trump bought Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach, Florida in 1985. In 1987 came the New York Times best seller â€Å"Trump: The Art of the Deal.† The later years continued with more and more acquisition, and the group’s entry into the TV (Wooten, 2008, pp.106-110). Leadership Traits American scholar Warren Bennis has identified four basic ingredients in every great leader. The first basic quality is guiding vision or management of attention. The leader must have a clear idea of what he or she wants to achieve. He must show courage to face the tough reality. The second quality is communicating the vision. The leader is there to communicate his passions to his people and it will bring hope and inspiration. Passion generally appears as enthusiasm. Again, people should not buy into every exciting idea; there should be a great deal of quality. The next thing is integrity which is the combination of self-knowledge, candor, and maturity. Leader must know his strengths and weaknesses, and must have clear idea about what he wants to do and the reason behind that. These three ingredients combine with a fourth ingredient – management of self. There should be mix of â€Å"curiosity and daring† with integrity. Leaders should be open to new ideas, willing to take risks, and try new things (Bennis, 2009, pp. 204-05, Bennis, 2010, p. 20). Now one may look at Trump’s leadership style in the light of Bennis’ four ingredients. Vision In Trump on Entrepreneurship, Trump says, â€Å"Entrepreneurship...History is full of famous leaders with extraordinary lives. From George Washington to John F. Kennedy, from Bill Gates to Donald Trump, the list is much diver sified. Here, this paper will focus on the life and leadership traits of Donald Trump, the â€Å"Real Estate Tycoon† in the light of Bennis’ competency criteria. Early History Donald Trump was born in Queens, New York on 14th June, 1946. He was the part of a demographic change which would later be known as â€Å"Baby Boom†. His father, Fred Trump, was a contractor in the housing market and operated in the Brooklyn and Queens boroughs. Fred was a highly successful businessman and was one of the richest persons in Queens (Payment, 2007, pp.1-5). Young Trump had his own way of doing things. He had a forceful personality from his childhood. In his 2nd grade, he punched the music teacher on his face. Trump was of the view that the teacher didn’t understand what he was saying. For this misbehavior, he was almost expelled from the school. In his book ‘Trump: The Art of the Deal’, he admits this fact by saying that it was not a proud moment. At 13, Donald was sent to New York Military Academy to improve upon his behavior (Payment, 2007, pp. 6-10 & 12). Donald Trump graduated in 1968 from the University of Pennsylvania (Wharton School of Finance) with a degree in economics. Trump got the passion for construction business from his father. His father knew almost all the processes of construction business. So, after completing his graduation, he continued with his life-long passion of constructing buildings (Wooten, 2008, pp. 20-23).

Media Interpretation about the movie ' V for Vendetta' Essay

Media Interpretation about the movie ' V for Vendetta' - Essay Example ‘Saving Private Ryan’ is a war film. It can also be classified as an action or epic genre since most war films are frequently paired with other genres like action and epics. There are various generic features of this film that show us that it is a war film. War films are characterized by the horrors and heartbreaks that come with war (Ebert, 1998). They allow the actual fighting of the combatants against either humanity or nations to offer the principal plot for the film’s action. The films take a denunciatory methodology toward war (Jeanine, 1998). In the film ‘Saving Private Ryan’, we can conclude that it belongs to a war genre as it was set during the incursion of Normandy during the Second World War. The film is evidenced by a graphic as well as a genuine depiction of warfare. The first twenty seven minutes of the film are so intense and they depict the assault that took place in the beach of Omaha on June 6, 1944. There is also evidence of a squa d of soldiers. It can be said to be an action genre because it encompasses fights and battles. Lastly, it can be said to be an epic genre because as it presents the historical events that took place during the Second World War (Halton, 1998). The film ‘Saving Private Ryan’ was made by Amblin Entertainment Mutual Film Company (Collins, 2008). This television and film production company is based in the United States of America. It was founded by Steven Spielberg who was actually the director of this film. Amblin Entertainment Mutual Film Company works with other media companies such as DreamWorks Studio. It is a coincidence that the principal partner of the DreamWorks Studios happens to be Steven Spielberg (Natale, 1998). DreamWorks Studios has been rated as the most successful and influential in the film industry. This greatly enhanced the marketing of the ‘Saving Private Ryan’ film. The reputation that both Amblin Entertainment and DreamWorks Studios have in the film

Industry Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Industry Analysis - Essay Example rs behind the recovery of the global economy, which had been adversely affected by the recent financial crisis and its financial shocks for the past five years (Pendrill 4). Currently, the industry is worth USD 800 billion, and market analysts predict that the global market for vehicles, particularly that of cars and light vehicles will increase from the current 80 million units bought annually, to reach more than 100 million by 2020 (Pendrill 4). Market analysts are forecasting that that the larger portion of the market expansion will come from emerging economies, including India and China among others. According to the statistics provided by the World Bank, car ownership in these markets stands at 58 cars per 1000 people in China and 18 for India; these figures are not comparable to those of European countries, where the average ratio is more than 500 cars per 1000 people. The high car ownership ration shows that European markets are saturated, therefore will not be the major drivers of market growth for the industry (Pendrill 4). In the recent past, the leadership of the automotive industry has featured three dominant players, including Toyota Motors, General Motors and Volkswagen AG. As of April 2013, these three giant players competed against one another, with the target of taking the top place (Muller 1). The race remained tight between the three main players, in the areas of production output and that of sales levels. During the year 2012/13, Toyota made sales of 9.7 million cars and trucks, which gave it a better standing, as compared to General Motors. General Motors, during the same year, sold 9.29 million cars and trucks and Volkswagen sold the least number of units out of the three companies; Volkswagen sold 9.1 million vehicles. However, from a comparison of the revenue levels, the profits made and the value of assets, Volkswagen was the unchallenged winner; VW made higher figures, when compared to the two other main competitors: Toyota Motors and GM

Discuss the role of the courage of children in both Little Woman and Essay

Discuss the role of the courage of children in both Little Woman and Treasure Island - Essay Example â€Å"Treasure Island reflects a deep anxiety about the power imbalance that complicates the adult author-child reader relationship†¦ Stevenson worries that the authors of adventure stories aim to indoctrinate and exploit youngsters like his impressionable boy hero† (Gubar, 2009, pp126-127). Furthermore, both Treasure Island and Little Women were written in the 19th century, which has been labelled the â€Å"Golden Age† of children literature (Gubar, 2009). In considering the novels in their historical context, Gubar’s observation underlines the changing approach of authors to children’s literature towards the end of the nineteenth century in portraying childhood and growing up. A central element of this is through the subversion of societal norms associated with children with the use of strength. For example, in Treasure Island, the novel’s central protagonist Jim Hawkins relays the journey of pirates and hidden treasure and the narrative is rich with action of childhood adventure, which is infused with adult themes such as morality, alcoholism and murder (Jones, 2003). Moreover, it is submitted that Jim’s character arguably fuses the universal quest for adventure conventionally associated with childhood with serious issues impacting child development, development in growing up. This is exemplified by the characterisation of Jim as a boy man in taking the Hispaniola to get the buried treasure: â€Å"the scheme had an air of adventure that inspired me, and the thought of the water breaker beside the fore companion doubled my growing courage† (Stevenson, 1883, p.196). Similarly, Alcott’s â€Å"Little Women† also subverts the contextual norms associated with children growing up, which is arguably attributable to Alcott’s difficult childhood (Clark 2005, p.213). Indeed, Alcott utilises the familiarity of domesticity associated with girls and subverts this to underline the complex issues impacting children’s lives, which was contextually

The Utilization of Incretin Mimetics and DPPIV Inhibitors in the Essay

The Utilization of Incretin Mimetics and DPPIV Inhibitors in the Management of Type II Diabetes Mellitus - Essay Example The initial results obtained from clinical trials with these new agents indicate a very high promise of achieving better blood glucose control by adding them to the therapeutic arsenal for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Incretin mimetics are a new class of antidiabetic agents with multiple blood sugar lowering actions that mimic the actions of incretin hormones. Incretins are peptide hormones that originate in the gastrointestinal tract. The two major incretins in humans are glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP). These hormones are released during nutrient absorption, when they serve to potentiate the secretion of insulin(Nielsen) Although both GLP-1 and GIP act as incretin hormones in normal subjects, only GLP-1 can be used to treat DM2 because diabetes is often associated with a blunted or absent response to GIP. It has been shown that whereas GLP-1 levels are significantly decreased in DM2, GIP values are normal, suggesting that DM2 patients are resistant to the biological effects of GIP, rendering it relatively ineffective (2A)In mammals, GLP-1 is derived from the proglucagon peptide in mucosal L-cells of the small intestine(Drucker "Glucagon-Like Peptides") D Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP-IV) extends the bioavailability of many peptides by suppressing their break-down. Several incretin mimetics and DPP-IV inhibitors are undergoing late-stage clinical trials for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and results so far have shown some promises. Their mechanisms of action include enhancement of glucose-dependent insulin secretion; suppression of inappropriately elevated glucagon secretion; slowing of gastric emptying; and appetite suppression(Nielsen). Type 2 diabetes is characterized by the emergence of postprandial (post meal) and, subsequently, fasting hyperglycemia (fasting plasma glucose >125 mg/dl) (Nielsen; Drucker "Glucagon-Like Peptides"). Hyperglycemia results from pancreatic -cells secreting inadequate insulin to compensate for insulin-resistance in peripheral tissues(Porte and Sherwin; Weyer). Only about 33 percent of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in the United States are able to achieve the 7% HbA1c recommended by the American Diabetes Association. However, after the administration of incretin mimetics and DPP-IV inhibitors on some of these patients, there is a significant improvement in their glycemic profile. Their after-meal blood glucose level, and subsequently their HbA1c were better(Freeman). Despite exercise, diet control and some pharmacological intervention in patients with DM 2, control of blood sugar has become increasingly difficult, especially in patients who had been on long term therapy. The progressive deterioration of the beta-cells of the pancreas, which in turn causes deficient insulin (as well as increased glucagon production) is responsible for this failure of treatment. The incretin mimetics and DPP IV inhibitors are thought to offer hope in improving the glycemic profile of patients because they act primarily to both increase

Discuss the role of the courage of children in both Little Woman and Essay

Discuss the role of the courage of children in both Little Woman and Treasure Island - Essay Example â€Å"Treasure Island reflects a deep anxiety about the power imbalance that complicates the adult author-child reader relationship†¦ Stevenson worries that the authors of adventure stories aim to indoctrinate and exploit youngsters like his impressionable boy hero† (Gubar, 2009, pp126-127). Furthermore, both Treasure Island and Little Women were written in the 19th century, which has been labelled the â€Å"Golden Age† of children literature (Gubar, 2009). In considering the novels in their historical context, Gubar’s observation underlines the changing approach of authors to children’s literature towards the end of the nineteenth century in portraying childhood and growing up. A central element of this is through the subversion of societal norms associated with children with the use of strength. For example, in Treasure Island, the novel’s central protagonist Jim Hawkins relays the journey of pirates and hidden treasure and the narrative is rich with action of childhood adventure, which is infused with adult themes such as morality, alcoholism and murder (Jones, 2003). Moreover, it is submitted that Jim’s character arguably fuses the universal quest for adventure conventionally associated with childhood with serious issues impacting child development, development in growing up. This is exemplified by the characterisation of Jim as a boy man in taking the Hispaniola to get the buried treasure: â€Å"the scheme had an air of adventure that inspired me, and the thought of the water breaker beside the fore companion doubled my growing courage† (Stevenson, 1883, p.196). Similarly, Alcott’s â€Å"Little Women† also subverts the contextual norms associated with children growing up, which is arguably attributable to Alcott’s difficult childhood (Clark 2005, p.213). Indeed, Alcott utilises the familiarity of domesticity associated with girls and subverts this to underline the complex issues impacting children’s lives, which was contextually

Chapter Questions From Global health 101 richard skolnik book Essay

Chapter Questions From Global health 101 richard skolnik book - Essay Example Global health is the science that prioritizes health improvement and equity in the global context (Skolnik 7). Medical approach focuses on the individual while public health focuses on the population. medical approach is a personalized service while public health is a public service. Medical approach focuses on diagnosis of the ailment, treatment and care of the individual while public health focuses on prevention and health promotion in the society (Skolnik 7). Millennium development goals are a crucial part of a country’s development effort. The nations declared to meet the goals by 2015. The goal to reduce child mortality, improve maternal health and combat disease are related to health (Skolnik 10). The keys to eradication of smallpox include advances in technology, cooperation between global health actors and government commitment. The lesson learnt is leadership and commitment are key to a successful global health program (Skolnik

Gospel Parallels Essay Example for Free

Gospel Parallels Essay This is a research report of what I read and studied among the two paragraphs in Throckmorton’s Gospel Parallels: Paragraph 6, â€Å"The Baptism of Jesus,† and Paragraph 249, â€Å"The Crucifixion.† This report will note where the parallel Gospels differ and where they are similar. Additionally, you will find interpretations by me of the text critical notes and then I’ll decide which reading is the better one. The Beatitudes â€Å"Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of Heaven† (Matthew 5:3). The Beatitudes are a group of sayings by Jesus that began with the words, â€Å"Blessed are,† and went on to identify who was blessed and why. It then finished with an exhortation. In this first case, the â€Å"poor in spirit† are those who are blessed because they will receive the kingdom of Heaven. The Beatitudes can only be found in Matthew and Luke, and while they have many similarities, there are also differences. These help us to discover things about the sources used, as well as the intention of the author. First of all, one must note that Mark was not used as a source, since the Beatitudes are not found in Mark, yet Matthew and Luke still have many exact or common phrases. The similarities point to a common source, which we will call â€Å"Q.† However, Matthew and Luke show many differences as well, meaning that they did not simply use source â€Å"Q.† Matthew and Luke each inserted some sort of oral or written tradition before writing their own text. Many of the blessings stated in the texts are parallel between the two gospels. They both talk about the poor as well as the kingdom of Heaven. They talk about those who are hungry and how they will be filled. They also talk about those who are hated on account of Jesus. Finally, they end with a command to rejoice, for those persecuted will have a great reward in Heaven since the same kind of persecution was done to the prophets. At the same time, however, Matthew and Luke clearly have different objectives or opinions regarding the text. In Matthew, the â€Å"poor† are the â€Å"poor in spirit,† while in Luke they are simply â€Å"poor.† Similarly, when talking about the hungry, Matthew is referring to those who are spiritually hungry while Luke talks about those who are physically hungry. Also, Matthews list of Beatitudes is much longer and includes talking about those who are merciful, pure in heart, the peacemaker, and those who are persecuted. Luke leaves these out entirely, probably because Luke was focusing more on the physical well-being of people. What is the reason for these differences? There seems to be an overarching theme that is carried out within both of these books. Matthew focuses on the divinity and suffering/rejection of Jesus. This then shows up within the Beatitudes as Matthew focuses on the spirituality rather than physicality of the believers (poor in spirit verses simply poor), in the same way that he focuses on the divinity rather than physicality of Jesus. In addition, Jesus is portrayed as one who is rejected, which is also a common theme as Matthew talks about the rejection of the believers and how they will be given the kingdom of Heaven. So, just as Jesus is rejected in Matthew, so will the believers be rejected. Furthermore, it can be seen that Matthew is talking to an audience that wants to incorporate all believers, not just Jews. Matthew very carefully points out that Jesus says, â€Å"Blessed are those,† â€Å"Blessed are they,† â€Å"Blessed are the,† which implies that Jesus is not talking to just those who were gathered at the time before Him (in contrast â€Å"Blessed are you†). Jesus means that anyone is blessed when they do these things. In Luke, the Beatitudes are focused more on those who are in need, a familiar theme throughout Luke. Here, Jesus is portrayed as one who is concerned for the poor, the marginalized, women, etc. Luke clearly points out in his Beatitudes that Jesus is concerned with those who are in need and gives them hope for the future, that they will be filled, receive the kingdom of Heaven, have reason to leap for joy, etc. This comes just two chapters after Jesus mission statement from Isaiah 61 as He proclaims that He has been anointed to preach good news to the poor. While Luke also wants to incorporate the gentiles into his audience, he does have Jesus saying, â€Å"Blessed are you,† while speaking to the Jewish crowd that had gathered around Him. This is no surprise since Luke wants to undertake a more concise and put-together account of Jesus ministry. It seems that he thinks it more likely that Jesus would have addressed his audience directly. It does, however, deviate in the last line as Jesus says â€Å"for that is what their ancestors did to the prophets† rather than â€Å"for that is what your ancestors. . .† This could perhaps be an argument for Lukes idea of the universality of the church. Both of these accounts provide glimpses into Jesus ministry and the heart or direction of the author, and though both contain varying accounts, it seems all the more credible since they were written to a certain audience at a certain time.

Fatty Acid Profile Oil Contents Tocopherol on pigeon

Fatty Acid Profile Oil Contents Tocopherol on pigeon Pigeons, whose relation with humans traces back to ancient times (B.C. 3000-5000), are seen in almost every geographical region of the world except for the poles. Pigeons live side by side with humans and other animal species in the nature; and they are bred as a source of food, as a hobby, symbol, and for experimental aims (cooper et al.,1984). Pigeons constitute the bird family Columbidae within the order columbiformes (Baptista et al.,1997).All races of breeds of domestic pigeon Columba livia domestica have been evolved from rock pigeon also called a rock dove Columba livia livia or jungli kabootar (wild pigeon) that cohabits with man every where in the world. The domestic pigeon breeds are believed to have been developed in the east and Europe had no original breed of its own. Wild pigeons are pale grey with two black bars on each wing (Blechman et al., 2007). There has been a growing interest in meat from alternative animal species like deer (Volpelli et al., 2003),ostriches (Cooper, 1999; Horbanczuk, 2002), and pigeons (ZieleziÅ„ski and Pawlina, 2005). Lean meat is very low in fat (20-50g/kg), pork and poultry have a favourable balance between polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids (P : S) (Wood et al., 1997 ). Pigeon meat is considered a delicacy and is gaining popularity among consumers in Europe mainly in Great Britain, France, and Italy as well as in the United States and China (ZieleziÅ„ski and Pawlina, 2005). Pigeon meat is characterized by high nutritive value. Due to low cholesterol and a fairly high protein content, it can be used as a valuable inclusive component of the human diet. As far as FA composition is concerned, pigeon meat resembles meat types of poultry species (Pomianowski et al ., 2009). Vitamin E is a general term used for the designation of tocopherols and tocotrienols (ÃŽÂ ±-,ß-, ÃŽÂ ³-, ÃŽÂ ´-) (Acker et al ., 1993) . Variations in vitamin E deposition in fatty tissues have been found between different poultry species (Mecchi et al., 1953). It was found that concentrations of tocopherol in turkey liver and breast muscle were only one-fifth to one-third, respectively, those of broilers fed similar dietary levels (Marusich et al., 1975). They function as the most effective lipid soluble antioxidant ,protecting cell membranes from peroxyl radicals and mutagenic nitrogen oxide species (Acker et al ., 1993). Tocopherols provide immunoprotection (Meydani ,1995), antiproliferative (Azzi et al .,1995) and anticlotting effects (Dowd et al .,1995),platelet adhesives and thrombosis (Hodis et al ., 1995) . Increased vitamin E intake has been inversely associated with the lower risk of cardiovascular and coronary heart diseases (Losonczy et al.,1996). Bells palsy or idiopathic facial paralysis is a dysfunction of cranial nerve VII (the facial nerve) that results in inability to control facial muscles on the affected side. Several conditions can cause a facial paralysis, e.g., brain tumor, stroke, and Lyme disease. However, if no specific cause can be identified, the condition is known as Bells palsy(Salinas et al., 2010). Bells Palsy is a condition causing drooping of one side of the face.People often remember exposure to a cold before developing Bells palsy. Anywhere from 1 in 1000 to 1 in 250 people develops Bells palsy in any given year,most commonly striking people over 70 years . but could occur at any stage of life (Rister, 2003 ). Named after Scottish anatomist Charles Bell, who first described it, Bells palsy is the most common acute mononeuropathy (disease involving only one nerve) and is the most common cause of acute facial nerve paralysis (Salinas et al., 2010). Nutritional Supplements required for Bells Palsy Treatment , include: Vitamin B12 essential fatty acid(5,000 milligrams daily) Pyruvate(3000 milligrams daily) Vitamin E (400 IU daily) ( Rister , 2003). No treatment for Bells Palsy, whether conventional or alternative is more effective than vitamin B12, but if patient has shingles three other Supplements may also help to accelerate recovery. Laboratory experiments have shown vitamin E, Sodium Pyruvate (a support supplement) and membrane stabilizing free fatty acid (Rister, 2003). This project was designed to find out the biochemical basis of the recommendation of the pigeon meat by most of the physicians for the patients of Bells Palsy In the present project, the flesh of wild and domestic pigeons will be analysed and compared for the concentrations of oil , Tocopherol and Fatty acid profile. This comparative study will also furnish the scientific reason of preferable use of wild or domestic pigeon for the treatment of patients of BellsPalsy. The main objectives of the present study are as follows : To evaluate compare oil contents in flesh of wild and domestic pigeons To evaluate compare Tocopherol contents in flesh of wild and domestic pigeons To evaluate compare Fatty acid profile in flesh of wild and domestic pigeons REVIEW OF LITERATURE Pomianowski and Mikulski (2009) excised Two muscles, breast and thigh, from 3 pigeon meat-type breeds (Europigeon,WrocÅ‚awski, King) and were analyzed for proximate analysis, cholesterol content, and fatty acid (FA) profile. Among the breeds considered, the lowest protein content of breast muscle was found in Kings (21.73%), whereas the highest fat (7.07%) and ash (1.11%) content of breast muscle (P à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 0.01) was located in WrocÅ‚awski pigeons. The cholesterol content of both muscles was lowest in Europigeon (23.6 to 25.2 mg/100 g of tissue) as compared with the King and WrocÅ‚awski pigeons (30.2 to 44.4 mg/100 g of tissue). The total content of polyunsaturated FA was lower in thigh than in breast muscles (by 4.5 to 12%, depending on the breed). As far as FA composition is concerned, pigeon meat resembles meat types of poultry species. However, due to low cholesterol and a fairly high protein content, pigeon meat can be used as a valuable inc lusive component of the human diet. Young and Stagsted (2003) illustrated that in nonstressed birds, antioxidative status was reflected in decreased TBA-reactive substances (TBARS) in pectoralis major (PM ) ,iliotibialis (IL) and liver of ascorbic acid-ÃŽÂ ±-tocopherol-supplemented chickens and likewise in liver from oregano-supplemented chickens compared to that of nonstressed control birds. However, postmortem temperature, pH, and water-holding capacity were not affected by supplementation. Drip loss from oregano-supplemented chickens showed increased protein oxidation in specific bands, but this did not relate to water-holding capacity or antioxidative status. When exposed to stress, the concentration of TBARS in the control animals increased in PM and IL. Ascorbic acid-ÃŽÂ ±- tocopherol supplementation protected IL, and oregano supplementation protected PM from stress-induced increases in TBARS. This differential effect between muscles may indicate differences in protection mechanisms. In conclusion, ascorbic acid-ÃŽÂ ±-tocopherol and oregano supplements to chickens protect against stress-induced increase in TBARS, in different muscles. Abulude et al. 2006 determined the Anatomical weight, proximate composition, selected mineral contents and sensory evaluation in male and female pigeon birds ( Columba guinea G) found in Akure, Nigeria using standard methods . The species analyzed individually , were high in protein (60.63-66.92%), fat (13.28-15.34%) and ash (11.17-15.54%). Moisture, fibre, and carbohydrate contents varied within a narrow range. The mean energy level was 386.93  ± 30.45 Kcal. The mineral contents were highly variable. The abundant elements were Na, K, Ca and Mg and the remaining elements were present in amounts below toxic levels, while Cd was not detected. The sensory scores in terms of juiciness, attractiveness, tenderness, texture and flavor revealed that these samples were good for consumption. The chemical values indicate good quality protein and dietary minerals. Sheldon et al .2007 studied , the effect of varying dietary vitamin E levels on the oxidative stability, flavor, color, and volatile profiles of refrigerated and frozen turkey breast meat was examined. Breast meat was excised from four carcasses per treatment and evaluated after refrigeration (1 and 7 d) or frozen storage (30, 90,150 d) for oxidative stability and sensory quality by Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) analysis, descriptive flavor profiling, and headspace gas chromatography. The TBA values were inversely related to the dietary vitamin E levels. Refrigerated samples had TBA values 78 to 88% lower for the 10 ´ and 25 ´ vitamin E treatments, respectively, than for the NRC control treatment. No differences in TBA values (refrigerated samples) were detected for the 10 ´, 25 ´, and 20 ´ (3 wk feeding duration) or across all treatments for samples frozen for 5 mo. The 10 ´ and 25 ´ NRC diets produced the most typical and acceptable turkey meat flavors with the fewest oxidized off-flavor notes for both fresh and frozen samples as opposed to the more oxidized flavor notes detected in the control samples. Mean color scores increased, indicative of less pale meat, as the level and duration of feeding dietary vitamin E increased. These findings showed that varying dietary vitamin E levels significantly influenced the oxid ative stability and functionality of turkey breast meat. Dsemeth and Messeyne (1981), studied that the fatty acid pattern of the triglyceroides (TG) and phospholipids(PHL) from liver, adipose tissue and crop of the pigeon at various stages of posthatching development and determined the influence of the changing diet. In each tissue and at all ages PHL contained more stearic and polyenoic but less monoenoic acids than the corresponding TG. Especially in the young squabs the acid composition of the liver (TG as well as PHL) is different from that of the adipose tissue and the crop. In each tissue and at all ages of pigeons, the TG had a relatively simple fatty acid pattern consisting mainly of Ci6 and C, »components and containing more palmitic (16:0), palmitoleic (16:1) and oleic (18:1) acid but only trace amounts of long-chain polyunsaturated acids compared to the corresponding PHL. This class contained a higher amount of stearic (18:0) and linoleic (18:2) acid and up to 31% (liver at hatching) C20 and C22 polyenoic acids, mainly ar achidonic (20:4) and docosahexaenoic (22:6). MATERIAL AND METHODS Place of working : The study will be conducted at following laboratories : Research Laboratory , Department of Zoology, GC University Faisalabad Pesticide Chemistry Lab, Plant Protection Division ,Nuclear Institute For Agriculture And Biology (NIAB) . Specimen Collection : Random samples of domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica) and wild pigeons (Columba livia livia ) will be procured from local supplier at Faisalabad city. Preparation Of Samples: The selected pigeons will be slaughtered ,defeathered and excised to take out four body parts ( Chest, Wings, legs liver ) . Proximate Analysis: Proximate analysis of the samples for moisture , Protein ,Fat , ash and minerals will be done according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists; AOAC(2000) . Analysis For Tocopherol Fatty Acid For the analysis of Tocopherol Fatty acids composition, following methodology will be adopted : Blending / mixing of Flesh: High Speed blender ( Braun Multimix MX_32 , Germany ) will be used to mix flesh thoroughly . Extraction Of Fat From Pigeon Flesh: The extraction of fat will be done by using Soxhlet apparatus .25g of each sample will be taken in extraction thimbles .And 125 ml of n_hexane will be taken in 250ml round bottom flask (Quickfit).The extraction will be proceeded for 12 cycles to collect complete oil . Concentration of oil : From the extract of n_hexane and oil , n_hexane will be evaporated by using rotary evaporation apparatus . The extract will be transferred to Round bottom flask, and then will be evaporated the content of n-hexane at appropriate temperature of water bath (60 °c) under suction up to dryness. Preparation Of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME)- Fatty Acid Analysis -: Preparation of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) and Fatty acid analysis will be done by using Official Method and recommended practices of American Oil Chemists Society ;AOCS(1993) . Tocopherol Analysis : For the qualitative and quantitative analysis of tocopherol HPLC coupled with Fluorescence detector will be used (Gliszczynsha Swiglo and Sikorsha ,2004) .Analysis of Tocopherol will be done by using all HPLC analysis of tocopherols at room temperature on waters 600 high performance liquid chromatograph(Waters , Millford ,M.A,USA). For determination of tocopherols in oils , a mobile phase consisting of 50 % acetonitrile (Solvent A ) And 50 % of methanol (Solvent B ) was used with the flow rate 1ml / min. Injection volume was 20  µl ; rheodyne injection was used . Tocopherols were identified by using their retention times with those of corresponding standards and by spiking of samples with appropriate standards .

Child Development Essay -- Child Rearing, Natural Growth

Lareau (2003) reports that social class plays a very important role in a child’s upbringing because it helps determine the way a child will be raised. In Lareau’s (2003) study she came to the conclusion that there were two different patterns of child rearing: concerted cultivation and natural growth. Concerted cultivation is the child rearing method that middle class parents use focusing on not only caring for their child, but developing a personality by enrolling their children in many structured activities and developing language skills (Lareau, 2003). Natural growth is the child-rearing method that working class and poor parents use to raise their children because there is not a lot of time and money for structured activities and long verbal discussions with the children (Lareau, 2003). Families who practice natural growth child rearing practices need to focus on providing the simpler needs of the child like providing shelter, clothing, food, and water therefore unab le to have the structured activities and worry about establishing communication skills. This is important to consider because the way children are raised because this has a social impact. The children that are being raised today will eventually grow up to be a part of their own society; there are social impacts on the current society because of the methods of child-rearing and the consequences that these child-rearing practices are having on children with the way they interact in society, There are benefits and disadvantages to both childrearing methods reported by Lareau (2010) however there are definitive differences in the child’s outcome due to the child’s social class and thus the method the child was raised with. In concerted cultivation children spend a ... ...nd sometimes talk to my extended family I seldom see them or would by any means categorize our relationships as strong kinship ties (Lareau, 2003). This I feel has been an unfortunate result of concerted cultivation because I see how some of my other cousins behave towards each other as they are so close talking everyday and meet several times a week for lunch or dinner. I feel this is sad because while I would love to have stronger ties with my extended family I realize it is not a part of the way I was brought up because of my middleclass child-rearing. The concept of my social connections often being mostly in homogenous age groups as a child is very accurate (Lareau, 2003). Because of the activities I participated in and the area in which I lived and went to school I predominately have friendships through activities with children much like I was at the time.

All humans should be treated with respect Essay

In examining the religious teachings about the values of human life using religious teachings it is easy to see that God thinks all human life equal regardless of race, gender or disability and encourages all his ‘sheep’ (followers of his, who he regards not as servants but as friends) to do so as well. This is proven in 1st Corinthians 7 18- 20 where it is said, ‘Was a man already circumcised when he was called? He should not become uncircumcised. Was a man uncircumcised when he was called? He should not be circumcised. Circumcision is nothing and uncircumcision is nothing. Keeping God’s commands is what counts. Each person should remain in the situation they were in when God called them.’, the passage suggests that God cares not about the outward appearance or position of his followers but their obedience to his command, regardless of what life they have lived or what they were before, it also supports the fact that God was willing to take converts and so did not make distinctions between the human race or bear prejudice to those who were previously not his followers and had converted. The belief of equality for all of mankind is further supported by the bible which (Genesis 1:27) proclaims that all were made ‘in the image of God’ and therefore bear a likeliness to him regardless of any differences we might show. This theory is known as imago dei and is one shared by the three Abrahamic religions – it is thought that our likeliness to God means all human life should be treated with respect and dignity. (Matthew 5:43-38) ‘Ye have heard it that it hath been said, Thou shalt love thy neighbour and hate thine enemy. But I say unto you, Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to those that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you’. This passage states that Christians should bear hate to no one even those who wish ‘harm’ unto them and instead pray for them and still show love to them regardless suggesting that Christians should have compassionate and fair attitudes towards all in dividuals. This belief of equality, understanding and acceptance no matter the past or social standing of the person is present in most other religions such as Islam, Judaism and Buddhism and now-days most religions are known to visit jails (where sinners lay) trying to convert the ‘evil’ and ‘lost’ (sinners)  so that they may repent and instead become children of God an example of important converts is Charles Colson who was part of the Watergate Seven, he was arrested and pleaded guilty to Watergate related charges and the obstruction of justice before being sentenced for 1-2 years in prison. While in prison Colson converted to Christianity and when released started Prison Fellowship – a national ministry that helps prisoners to convert to Christianity, it is said that this program ‘ has helped prisoners live a better life and strengthen their spirit’. Quakers a faction derived from Christianity believe ‘there is that of God in everybody’, meaning that no one is more important than anyone else as they are all made in God’s image by God, however even within this organisation – people still have to take charge and allocate certain responsibilities to others meaning they become leaders and therefore more important that everyone else, suggestion that they are not equal to everyone else as they are worth more. There are two main Christian views on the truth of other religions; The exclusive view (mainly fundamentalists) who like Christians in the past believe all ‘non-Christians’ are not doing what is ‘right’ and therefore will be condemned to Hell unless converted. Fundamentalist try to convert others to Christianity through the means of ‘evangelism’ etc. becoming ‘missionaries’. This is because of their literal interpretations of the bible, believing in John 3:18 which states, ‘whoever does not believe in him (Jesus) stands condemned already’, fundamentalists do not only just extend this view towards non-believers but also to Jews who do not believe in Jesus as the son of God citing John 14:6 in which Jesus said, ‘I am the way the truth and the Life, no one comes to the Father except though me’. This view contrasts with the Inclusive view where Christianity is believed to be superior to other religions (or bearing more truth) but doesn’t require conversion only adhering to the ‘right’ attitude to be saved from hell. While inclusive Christians might try forms of evangelism such as becoming missionaries, they are generally more understanding of others, this means many of them become involved with charities such as Tearfund or Christian Aid as a way to help others and also convince them (without words) that Christianity holds the ‘truth’ and the ‘right’ way. They use quotes like: ‘There are many rooms in my Father’s house’ as a way of suggesting that  there are different ways to get to heaven and different paths one can take, as long as one follows the ‘right’ way. It can be argued that inclusive Christians more than exclusive/fundamentalist really follow the teachings of the bible, they more than exclusive Christians can be argued to â€Å"love thy neighbour† and therefore treat others the way they’d like to be treated. The bible teaches that Jesus treated ‘foreigners’ very well, he healed a roman centurion’s son and later had dinner with Zaccheus, a hated tax collector for the Romans, suggesting that he did exactly what he preached, loved the ‘enemy’ and treated everyone well, this behaviour is also reflected in the parable of the good Samaritan where a man(a Jew) is robbed and lies naked, hurt and poor on the road – a priest and leaders of other religions pass him by and ignore him, the only person who stops and helps him, even paying for his treatment is a Samaritan, people who were hated by Jews and who in turn hated them. This parable, not only shows ‘foreigners’ in a good light but also promotes the teaching of ‘loving thy enemy’. In Galatians 3, the bible once again reinforces that God loves all of humanity unconditionally regardless of Gender or race, proclaiming ‘There is no difference between Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus.’ supporting Acts 10 in declaring that God does not favour a specific group of humanity or ‘show favouritism’ but rather ‘accepts men from every nation who fear Him and do what is right’. Some critics however argue that these teachings are presented as only favouring those who believe in Christ and therefore making an outsider of those who do not ‘fear him’ and do what God proclaims to be ‘right’ and almost exempting them from the ‘rules’ and teachings he lays down to his followers, presenting the argument of: does religion treat non-believers equally? The fact that there are many different sects of Christianity had led to many different views about the treat ment of others, with the term others representing black, non-‘whole bodied'(disabled), homosexuals etc. as well as extending to different cultures and religions not just non-believers. Walter Laqueur a man of Jewish faith, believes that sex is historically and culturally variable, with the modern idea of two separate sexes representing a shift away from the longer-established view that there is a ‘single male  sex, of which the female is an inferior manifestation’, he believes these developments have led to a society which believes that both men and women should occupy and negotiate a range of different positions within the world instead of living in a ‘patriarchy’ where women do not have a main role in religion.This view is opposed by many other religions, Catholics for example believe that women can have a role in church, but cannot be priests because of the ‘fact’ that Jesus was a man, and he chose all 12 of his disciples to be men. Catholics also interpret St Paul’s teachings in Timothy 2 which suggest that women should have no authority over men as being correct, â€Å"A woman should learn in quietness and full submission. I do not permit a woman to teach or to have authority over a man; she must be silent.† Taking the view that ‘Adam was formed first, then Eve’ and ‘Adam was not the one deceived; it was the woman who was deceived and became a sinner.’. Some fundamentalist believe that men and women are equal before God but still have different roles in life meaning women shouldn’t be offered equal opportunities in everything including religion claiming that the women’s main job should be as a home-maker – looking after the children not being in positions of leadership in the church. The Church of England however is against this interpretation and believes that women can be priests. They believe that we are all equal in God’s eyes, and also that Jesus had many women followers. Mary and others have been named in the Bible at significant points in Jesus’ life, and there are books in the Bible named after women. They use quotes such as: â €Å"There is neither male nor female, you are all one in Christ Jesus.† (Galatians 3) to support their reasoning. Some black theologians claim that religion has always been ‘bias’ to the white man and therefore racist and oppressing to black people. They argue that this has created a divide between ‘white God’ and ‘black God’. Only in 1985 did the Church of England announce the Church should ‘make space for and include black Christians fully’, this was almost a centuries after the freedom of Black people as slaves and many years after black liberation had occurred ( officially). However while many Christians like Pope John Paul, who condemned the fact that Christians had contributed to the slave trade, finally got Black people some equality some sects of Christianity such as the Southern Baptists in USA up until 1900, the Dutch Reformed Church in  South Africa until 1980 and many Christians in the 16th, 17th and 18th century believed that certain races were inferior and could be treated as either 2nd class citizens or slaves because of two Bible verses: Genesis 9:18-27 – which states that the descendants of Noah’s third son (Ham – who is thought to be black by many Christians) will be cursed and be the slaves of his second son Japheth(thought to be white by many) and Ephesians 6:5 – which states ‘Slaves obey your masters’ -a verse that some Christians thought meant that it was fine to have inferior races and slaves. There is also the question of disability in religion with old-age Christians and Buddhism believing it was a punishment for evil deeds/sin (or bad karma in past lives). This viewpoint however has changed in recent times whereas being disabled was once viewed as being an imperfect version of an able bodied person, a description that suggests that disabled people are of less value than an able bodied person, recent views believe in Aristotle interpretation, ‘that physical defects do not prevent a person from actualising their potential as a human being because the essence of being human does not rest on purely physical abilities’ a viewpoint which a charity called L’arche founded by a Christian recognises. Aristotle point further illustrates a verse of the bible which proclaims that we are ‘all born of sin’, which supports that no one is perfect- we’re all flawed one way or another and therefore are in one way or another – disabled. Islam is considered an egalitarian religion meaning one that is pro-equality. There is an argument made by several Muslim Women scholars such as Al-Hibri who argues that ‘the situation of women globally is too complex and contradictory for one comprehensive critique, saying that in some nations: Muslim women experience horrendous forms of violence and oppression, often under the label of Islam whereas in another nation Muslim women may occupy positions of power in significant social and political institution also due to Islam. Many argue that whilst there are many practices contrary to women’s rights which are done in the name of Islam, the reality is that there is no basis in Islam for them. Others make the important point that there are many factors at work which have allowed such oppressive practices to continue, such as the existence of patriarchal cultures that are often  confused with religious belief or the existence of authoritarian regimes that deny more than just women’s claiming ‘undemocratic regimes have denied human rights to their citizens, and attempted to lay the blame on the doorstep of religion’ suggesting that it is not religion that is unequal, but those who practise it. It can be argued that the term equality has different meanings in different situations – you can’t be equal to all people through one measure because everyone has different conditions that must be met etc. you can’t feed a Muslim the same way you’d choose a Hindu, you couldn’t offer a Muslim a pig as it would cause trouble due to the offer being interpreted as an insult, this however doesn’t mean you can’t treat persons of both religion the same; with kindness and compassion regardless of their religion. This has led to many arguing that the solution is not just treating everyone equally (as equality suggests same treatment) but rather introducing tolerance and acceptance. They believe that conversion in religions isn’t something that should occur forcefully but instead something that should be gently approached – through the means of missionaries (in religions such as Jehovah witnesses and Mormons) for example. However some religions have a zero tolerance on those they consider ‘outsiders’, this include Zionism and it’s treatment of the Palestinians and some Jewish sects which refused to assimilate into the societies they lived in (Ashkenazic Jews), preferring to stay ‘outsiders’ because they believe the Torah forbids mixing with ‘gentiles’ due to their interpretation of Avoda Zara 36b which states â€Å"You shall not intermarry with them; you shall not give your daughter to his son and you shall not take his daughter for your son; for he will cause your child to turn away from Me and they will worship the gods of others.† Many Christians (and some Jews) thoroughly disagree with this verse with Christians believing it is directed ad them and painting them as immoral idolaters and some Jews believing the passage to contradicting (with the rest of the Torah) and too brief to be fully understood. This raises the argument among theologians th at the bible and other ‘holy books’ are too contradicting, confusing and sometimes too lacking of Context to be fully interpreted and rather, the teachings should not be taken at face value but rather, used to regulate but not to set iron cast laws .   However there are many contradicting verses in the bible which suggest otherwise.   Islam states: ‘O mankind! We have created you from a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes, that you may know one another. Verily, the most honourable of you with God is the most pious.Verily, God is All-Knowing, All-Aware.’ (49:13) about the difference within human beings, suggesting that they are deliberate and diversity is God’s gift to humankind.   Judaism, Christianity and Islam   The founder of Quakers, George Fox but instead of seeking primarily to convert, the upmost goal is to establish the principles of Christianity in others’ lives etc. love, humility and compassion.   And the Qur’an which states: ‘I shall not lose sight of the labour of any of you who labours in My way, be it man or woman; each of you is equal to the other (3:195)’   The Qur’an states ‘For Muslim men and women,- for believing men and women, for devout men and women, for true men and women, for men and women who are patient and constant, for men and women who humble themselves, for men and women who give in Charity, for men and women who fast (and deny themselves), for men and women who guard their chastity, and for men and women who engage much in God’s praise,- for them has God prepared forgiveness and great reward. (33:35)’ suggesting that everyone, not just Muslim men and women will get the reward as long as they are ‘humble’ and adhere to Muslim practises even if they do not adopt the religion†¦   The most beloved and respected historical Christian thinkers and theologicans are amongst those who believe the role of women in religion should be subdued with John Crysostom considering the female sex as â€Å"weak  and fickle† ,Augustine claims Satan’s reasoning for deceiving Eve was because he was â€Å"making his assault upon the weaker part of that human alliance eand Epiphanius declaring that the â€Å"female sex is easily mistaken, fallible, and poor in intelligence† even Martin Luther King supports this argument stating â€Å"it was not Adam who went astray† 265).  an idea that men systematically dominate, oppress and exploit women I many believe that a patriachical state doesn’t and didn’t ever exist and instead we have just been living in a world dominated by a complex set of differences; ethnic, racial, gendered, class hierarchy and not just gender.   In this generation, although there are many verses in the bible to suggest that women should have and did have a very important and immensely valuable role in founding and shaping Christianity.   For man did not come from woman, but woman from man; neither was man created for woman, but woman for man†¦In the Lord,  however, woman is not independent of man, nor is man independent of woman. For as woman came from man, so also man is born of woman. But everything comes from God† (New International Version, 1 Corinthians 11:1-3;8-9;11-12).   1 Corinthians 14 says, ‘Women should remain silent in churches’ which many interpret as saying- women shouldn’t be in positions of leadership in the church.   Proverbs 31 implies the place of a woman is at home – ‘She watches over the affairs of her household’   But women will be saved through childbearing-if they continue in faith, love and holiness with propriety†(New International Version, 1 Timothy 2:11-15).   This is known as Christian egalitarian. The opposing view is Complementarianism.   Although, when the decision was made to allow Women into the church in 1992, many people left the Church of England as a result and converted to Catholics. This shows that there still isn’t equality in Religions such as Christianity as while some may be ‘for’ the inclusion of women, the one who aren’t may simply join a different fraction and practise their ‘anti-feminist in religion’ perspectives there. This supports the view that freedom in religion is in conflict with notions of gender equality.   A prominent Muslim mother to an autistic child once wrote to a follower who also had an autistic child – ‘As with typically-developing children, every special-needs child has his or her own personality, temperament, strengths, and abilities. Every child has his or her God-given potential. This is from the mercy of Allah and one of the signs of His strength that He created such diversity among human beings. We should rejoice in the creative power of Allah and accept His qadr, or decree, for us. I believe that Allah created disabilities so those of us who are able-bodied would not become complacent and ungrateful. Taking care of a child with a disability brings out the best and most compassionate in all of us. So many of the things that parents of typically-developing children take for granted, we have to fight and struggle for. I think this helps us draw closer to the All-Merciful, the Forbearant, and the Loving.’ This supports the view that all human life is sacred and must be treated with the rights given to it in the Shari’a and that no one has the right to take the life of another except according to God’s command. It also gives way to an argument that could claim moral worth of a person does not depend on birth, gender, race or wealth or whether or not a person is disabled. â€Å"Class background, as well as the degree and severity of impairment, ethnicity, sex, sexuality and age can exacerbate or modify the experience of disability† (Vernon, 1999:394) Many may argue that this isn’t a religion; however most agree that it is a branch of Judaism – if a very distant branch. Different from Sephardim (who chose to assimilate into the nations they moved to and Mizrahi Jews who also assimilated into the nations they found themselves in.