Sherlock Holmes Essay example -- English Literature

Sherlock HolmesSherlock Holmes is a famous fictional detective with his own series ofbooks written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle among the late 1800s andearly 1900s otherwise known as the Victorian era in England. Thestories were station in London on bread maker Street. The pot of VictorianEngland loved Sherlock Holmes because he always got his man, and thepolice in their time could not get anyone.Another reason the English people from the Victorian era lovedSherlock Holmes is the way he solves the crimes. He is law-abiding,intelligent, has a sense of humour, brave and makes deductions verywell from almost nothing. Sherlock is a tall slim man with sharppiercing eyes, squ ar shoulders, and known for his hat and pipe, whichhe smokes quite a lot. He sometimes acts stupidly to puzzle criminalsor uses role reversal and take the criminals for fools. SherlockHolmes is seen as an amateur detective that you can count on.In The Red Headed League Holmes shows he is really a great detectiveby ch anging personalities to handle the suspects. He uses sarcasm,intelligence, his ability to appear calm and relaxed, sense of humourand of course his deductive and observant mind. In this story,however, he mainly uses his observant mind and sense of humour. Untilthe comical side of the affair so completely over-topped every otherconsideration that twain(prenominal) burst out into a roar of long laughter. Hehas the criminal copying from a dictionary for no reason, which isquite amusing. Then he uses both his sense of humour and observantmind when he says Behind the obvious fact that he has at sometimedone some manual labour, that he takes snuff, that he is a freemason,and that he has done a considerable amount of wri... ...lso, since Sherlock Holmes was a cocaine addictlike most middle manikin people at the time, it appealed to them alongwith the fact that he was like the justice they were not receivingbecause he always got his man.The stories are popular today because they are set in London but notmodern London Victorian London. Since they were written in theVictorian period the plot and structure of the original stories areseen to be well written, very imaginative and including a variety ofcharacters, crimes and types of clues. Also since the police in theVictorian era couldnt solve anything Sherlock Holmes was seen as a triggerman because he would always solve his crimes in a unique andflawlessly constructed way and since he was the first literary superhero working to help the underdog modern day people, including me,have to respect his stories, like them or not.

The Public Reception of Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Ess

The Public Reception of cross off Twains Adventures of Huckleberry FinnUpon its publication in 1884, Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was met with mixed reviews. roughly reviewers called it flat, trashy, and irreverent. Others called it Twains best work yet, hailing his humor and style throughout the novel. Though obscure at first, reviews began to appear in many newspapers throughout the country as more and more became interested in the novel as a result of these reviews.Huckleberry Finn was published at a time when the nation was deeply concerned astir(predicate) the effects of literature on young minds. Dime novels appeared in abundance, and had moved from western stories to more modern stories, like those of Pecks rotten Boy and His Pa, published in 1883. The main character in these stories was a young prankster, who routinely succeeded in causing pain to adults, namely his father. Stories like these were considered dangerous to young boys who could model their de meanour after the characters in the stories.Huck Finn was seen by many critics as another addition to the growing list of bad-boy stories published in the 1880s. The fact that it was written by an already well-known author added insult to injury for many. The attack on Twains humor was immediate. The New York World published a review which said Were Mark Twains reputation as a humorist less well founded and established, we might say that this cheap and pernicious stuff is conclusive evidence that its author has no claim to be ranked with Artemus Ward, Sydney Smith, Dean Swift, John Hay, or any other recognized humorist above the grade of the author of that outrageous fiction, Pecks Bad Boy. One critic in the Boston Evening Traveller called it flat... ...ne of the strongest points of the novel is that it teaches it lessons by implication, not by preaching and literature is at it best when it is an bastard of life and not an excuse for instruction. The humor in the novel is also com plimented, and it is this humor which contributes to the instructiveness of the novel. The review ends with the statement that the story is capital reading.Huckleberry Finn was met with both positive and disallow reviews when it was published. Those positive reviews praised the work of Mark Twain, encouraging the audience to read the novel. Those negative reviews also encouraged the audience to read the novel by stating the wickedness of it as a whole, therefore influencing people to read it just to see what it contained. Though for some novels mixed reviews mean smaller sales, for Huck Finn, every review aim to sales of novel.

Comparing Joyce’s Ulysses and T.S. Eliot’s Love Song of J. Alfred Prufr

Comparing Joyces Ulysses and T.S. Eliots cut Song of J. Alfred PrufrockIn consequence 8 of Ulysses, Joyce sends Bloom and the reader through a gauntlet of viands that enlarges one of the novels main linguistic strategies, that of gradual digestion. maculation Episode 10 may seem worry a more all(prenominal)ot choice for a spatial representation of the city, this episode maps digestion out like Bloom wanders the streets of Dublin, with thoughts entering foremost through the body and exiting them. In T.S. Eliots metrical composition The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, the stanzas deescalate the city from skyline to sea-bottom in accordance with the mock-heros cause inability digest thoroughly any complete thought all the way through. Bloom describes the process of eating with realism appropriate to the proletariat And we stuffing food in one hole and out behind food, chyle, blood, dung, populace good have to feed it like stoking an engine (144-5). Indeed, this is the path lyric poem take in the novel they begin in a pure form, as written on a page (such as Marthas argon you not happy in your home you poor little naughty male child? which, despite its impure implications, is at least black ink on white paper) and filters into every stage of Blooms journey (as in Episode 8, 137). The gradual digestion of words fits with another of Marthas lines, the typographical error I called you naughty darling because I do not like that other human race (131). These words become worlds, carving out a space as they travel throughout Dublin with Bloom. Bloom tosses the throwaway into the Liffey, and its words sail deplete not only the river, but alongside Bloom, causing him trouble and scar him as a throwaway himself. Words often hint at their induce creation or foreshadow another... ...urface giddiness of mermaids singing, each to each. Our paralysis in reading Prufrock, from stanzaic symmetries (And would it have been worth it, after all/That is not is, at al l, apply twice with minor variations) that indicate Prufrocks stalled action to the anatomization of pluralized body move (eyes/arms) that rest heavily on a local token while emphasizing its multitude and power, Disturbs the universe as much as Prufrocks own perambulations do, that is, not at all. He only sinks further down, drowning not only in other human voices but, more importantly, in his own constipation. Works CitedEliot, T. S.. The Love Song of Alfred J. Prufrock. Making Literature Matter An Anthology for Readers and Writers. 2nd Ed. Schlib & Clifford. capital of Massachusetts Bedford, 2003. 851-855.Joyce, James. The Portable James Joyce, New York Penguin Books, 1996 Comparing Joyces Ulysses and T.S. Eliots Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrComparing Joyces Ulysses and T.S. Eliots Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockIn Episode 8 of Ulysses, Joyce sends Bloom and the reader through a gauntlet of food that enlarges one of the novels main linguistic strategies, that of g radual digestion. While Episode 10 may seem like a more appropriate choice for a spatial representation of the city, this episode maps digestion out like Bloom wanders the streets of Dublin, with thoughts entering foremost through the body and exiting them. In T.S. Eliots poem The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, the stanzas deescalate the city from skyline to sea-bottom in accordance with the mock-heros own inability digest thoroughly any complete thought all the way through. Bloom describes the process of eating with realism appropriate to the task And we stuffing food in one hole and out behind food, chyle, blood, dung, earth good have to feed it like stoking an engine (144-5). Indeed, this is the path words take in the novel they begin in a pure form, as written on a page (such as Marthas Are you not happy in your home you poor little naughty boy? which, despite its impure implications, is at least black ink on white paper) and filters into every stage of Blooms journey (as in E pisode 8, 137). The gradual digestion of words fits with another of Marthas lines, the typographical error I called you naughty darling because I do not like that other world (131). These words become worlds, carving out a space as they travel throughout Dublin with Bloom. Bloom tosses the throwaway into the Liffey, and its words sail down not only the river, but alongside Bloom, causing him trouble and marking him as a throwaway himself. Words often hint at their own creation or foreshadow another... ...urface giddiness of mermaids singing, each to each. Our paralysis in reading Prufrock, from stanzaic symmetries (And would it have been worth it, after all/That is not is, at all, used twice with minor variations) that indicate Prufrocks stalled action to the anatomization of pluralized body parts (eyes/arms) that rest heavily on a local item while emphasizing its multitude and power, Disturbs the universe as much as Prufrocks own perambulations do, that is, not at all. He only sin ks further down, drowning not only in other human voices but, more importantly, in his own constipation. Works CitedEliot, T. S.. The Love Song of Alfred J. Prufrock. Making Literature Matter An Anthology for Readers and Writers. 2nd Ed. Schlib & Clifford. Boston Bedford, 2003. 851-855.Joyce, James. The Portable James Joyce, New York Penguin Books, 1996

Aristotle :: biographies biography bio

Background Again, men in general desire the good, and not merely what their fathers had. - Aristotle, Politics * Aristotle was born in 384 BC at Stagira in northern Greece. * He was the son of Nicomachus, a physician with close connections to the Macedonian court. * Some believe it to be his fathers influence that gave Aristotle his interest in anatomy and the structure of living things in general. * He was a Greek philosopher and scientist. Life / Career Education is the best provision for the journey to old age. - Aristotle * Aristotle went to capital of Greece to study at Platos Academy at the age of 17. He stayed for 20 years, first as a student and then as a teacher. * Aristotle move to Assos, a city in Asia Minor, after the death of Plato in 347 BC. Here he counseled his friend, Hermias of Atarneus, and married Hermias niece and adopted daughter, Pythias. * After Hermias execution at the hands of the Persians in 345 BC , Aristotle travelled to Pella, the Macedonian capital. * In 342 BC, he began tutoring King Philip IIs young son Alexander, who later became known as Alexander the Great. * When Alexander became king in 335 BC, Aristotle returned to capital of Greece where he founded his own develop, the Lyceum. * The Lyceum was involved in a greater range of subjects than the Academy, even during Platos time. * The Lyceum was often refered to as the Peripatetic (walking or strolling) school because many teacher-student discussions took place while walking on its grounds. * Aristotle spent the last year of his life at a family estate in Chalcis on the Aegean island of what is now Evvoia. He died in 322 BC. Many believe Aristotle to be the most influential philosopher in the history of Western thought. * The logic of this last cytosine was based on much of his thoughts and logic.

Affirmative Action :: essays research papers

assentient Action PaperQ What is a Definition of Affirmative ActionAffirmative execution- a plan to offset past discrimination in employing or educating women, blacks etc. (Websters New World Dictionary.)The phase "affirmative action" was used in a racial discrimination context. Executive Order No. 10,925 issued by President John F. Kennedy in 1961. The order indicated that federal contractors should take affirmative action to ensure job applicants and employees are treated "without regard to their race, creed, or national origin." A person could define this statement as an order to imply tinge access and nothing else.Q What is the History of Affirmative Action?Affirmative action was implemented with the idea and hope that America would finally become truly equal. The tautness of the 1960s civil rights movement had made it very clear, that the nations minority and female population was not receiving equal and social economic opportunity. The implementation of aff irmative action was Americas frontmost honest attempt at solving a problem it had previously chose to ignore.The history of affirmative action has its roots in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and stems from the join States Supreme case of Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas. In 1969, the department of Labor exposed widespread racial discrimination of the Construction section so President Nixon decided to incorporate a system of "goals and timetables" that provided guidelines for companies to follow and comply with affirmative action regulations. Which brings us to today QWhat caused the lawsuit.After applying to the University of Michigan honor School, Barbara was waitlisted then rejected. Similarly, Jennifer and Patrick were waitlisted then rejected by the Universitys College of Literature, Science, and the Arts. After learning that race played a large role in the Universitys admissions policies, all three realise that they would have been admitted had they bee n of a preferred race black, Hispanic, or Native American. The three sought legal representation to vindicate their right to be free of racial discrimination.Q What wad the Plaintiffs Point of View?     The three named plaintiffs and the class of rejected applicants they represent seek primarily injunctive relief to ensure that future applicants give be judged as individuals without regard to race. It is unfair to be judged by the color of your skin NO MATTER WHAT intensity YOU ARE WHITE IS A COLOR TOO     Q What is the Defendants Point of View? . That the University should remain off limits to the majority of working class and most middle class youth, but that it should be made assorted through the selective admission of a small percentage of minority students, who are given preference over qualified white students.

Affirmative Action :: essays research papers

favorable Action PaperQ What is a Definition of Affirmative ActionAffirmative activity- a plan to offset past discrimination in employing or educating women, blacks etc. (Websters New World Dictionary.)The phase "affirmative action" was used in a racial discrimination context. Executive Order No. 10,925 issued by President John F. Kennedy in 1961. The order indicated that federal contractors should take affirmative action to ensure job applicants and employees are treated "without regard to their race, creed, or national origin." A person could define this statement as an order to imply get even access and nothing else.Q What is the History of Affirmative Action?Affirmative action was implemented with the idea and hope that America would finally become truly equal. The tenseness of the 1960s civil rights movement had made it very clear, that the nations minority and female population was not receiving equal and social economic opportunity. The implementation of a ffirmative action was Americas prime(prenominal) honest attempt at solving a problem it had previously chose to ignore.The history of affirmative action has its roots in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and stems from the united States Supreme case of Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas. In 1969, the department of Labor exposed widespread racial discrimination of the Construction section so President Nixon decided to incorporate a system of "goals and timetables" that provided guidelines for companies to follow and comply with affirmative action regulations. Which brings us to today QWhat caused the lawsuit.After applying to the University of Michigan lawfulness School, Barbara was waitlisted then rejected. Similarly, Jennifer and Patrick were waitlisted then rejected by the Universitys College of Literature, Science, and the Arts. After learning that race played a large role in the Universitys admissions policies, all three effected that they would have been adm itted had they been of a preferred race black, Hispanic, or Native American. The three sought legal representation to vindicate their right to be free of racial discrimination.Q What wad the Plaintiffs Point of View?     The three named plaintiffs and the class of rejected applicants they represent seek primarily injunctive relief to ensure that future applicants leave be judged as individuals without regard to race. It is unfair to be judged by the color of your skin NO MATTER WHAT wring YOU ARE WHITE IS A COLOR TOO     Q What is the Defendants Point of View? . That the University should remain off limits to the majority of working class and most middle class youth, but that it should be made several(a) through the selective admission of a small percentage of minority students, who are given preference over qualified white students.

Common Sense Economics Paper Essay

With the recent developments in the economy there could have not been a better time to pick up this mass and read it. I work for a financial institution which had received a good amount of TARP funds. This was followed by media on the confederations allocation of resources for what appears to be a recreational purchase equaling almost the amount of TARP funding. In turn to find out confederation x had decided that employees will not be receiving a compensation increase this year. After just the first couple of pages I already knew I wanted to dive in to the first part of the defend discussing the Ten Key Elements of Economics. This immediately shifted my interest to the first two key elements that Incentives matter and There is no such thing as a free lunch. There are umpteen thoughts that came to mind while reading along.The bonus for employees was the annual compensation increase. The problem we are facing now is that the labor and productivity supplied are expected to be ma intained, while people need to do more with less. As the book explains, it takes time to adjust. However one may argue that the incentive has changed. Now as the economy has shifted and the company has to make budget and staff cuts the individual incentive has shifted to maintaining employment. Thus there is no longer an increasing financial incentive, with the exception of the existing financial compensation. We must remember that incentives matter, but also that at the like time they can shift based on the factors providing the incentive. The book examines the increase and decrease in gasoline prices. Consumers responded by changing their behavior, consequently shifting incentives.The cutbacks of company x leads right into the element that There is no Such Thing as a Free Lunch. The compensation for the serve up we provide now is allocated elsewhere. By deciding to stay employed with company x we have employment. Then again if we chose not to remain employed it will cost us the authorization income that could have been earned, so no free lunch. This also makes me consider key element number seven People Earn Income by Helping Others. still what happens to the incentive of providing others with valuable goods and function now? With the lack of understanding the shift in incentive I feel the employees will only care somewhat their personal desires. Their interest to improve can result in lower productivity standards, or the search for a new employer. Considering the company standpoint ineffective workers will find other more personally beneficial opportunities. Cited as one of the reasons for reduced productivity of labor. The employees will provide less valuable service as the company profit will continue to decline.By changing the ways of how the company operates and the rate of compensation it forces employees to focus even more on their self-interest. Now when presented with work, they will find the most efficient way of service. This in turn goes al ong with economical progress along with the correct amount of presidency intervention as discussed in the later part of the book. This can potentially create areas for new employment opportunities, and advancement of the nation as a whole. some(prenominal) company can bring their numbers back into the black with the correct allocation of the resources and capital. But also with new innovative ways to provide services and goods.With the responsible people in the right positions and the people with a understanding of economic interactions self-interest will lead to a flourishing nation. In coating all the above tie into each other as well as the remainder of the book. Unfortunately self-interest with greed and lack of knowledge leads many of us to make imprudent decisions. I knew that incentives matter, but I also understand now that incentives can shift. With the shift in incentives and the self-interest we can parent prosperous. Yet we must understand the interaction and effect s of economics as a whole for the small as well as the big picture. The book should be required reading for all that want the privilege of voting. I will be thinking not only of the one side of the economic hand but the other as well, and so should everyone else.

A Critique of “Frankenstein

Good v. Evil Which is Which By Logan Emlet Frankenstein is a liter in ally fantastic novel, in which a gentle creation, the colossus, is shunned by his creator, Victor Frankenstein, as well as all other gentlemans. The Monster becomes so dejected that he turns capital punishmentous and vows to destroy Victors life-time story. The book is definitely fiction, as the Monster happens to be eight feet tall and superior to humans in almost every way save looks. Although this is probably the most evident torment from reality, many others appear although not quite so blatantly.In her novel Frankenstein, Mary Shelly uses symbol and distortions between the world of the book and the real world to reason the truth of Romantic ideals. According to Websters dictionary, symbolism is defined as, artistic imitation or invention that is a method of revealing or suggesting immaterial, ideal, or otherwise intangible truth or assures. The dictionary defines distort as, to twist go forth of pi ctorial, normal, or original shape or condition, and as, to cause to be comprehend unnaturally. duration these two words whitethorn not always mean the same involvement, in the case of this essay, they complement each other to better picture the differences at hand. One of the principle beliefs of the Romantics was that symbolism is the cleanest way to communicate truth. Their literature supports their thinking that symbolism has the power to mean many different things simultaneously. In their literature, romantics do not use literary realism, but instead use this symbolism to critique or comment on reality by distorting this reality.One of the things that the Romantics strongly believed and is clearly portrayed in Frankenstein is the horror of the unnatural, and that record is inherently good. For the Romantics, unnatural meant anything mechanical hell was unnatural as well, along with evil, and experience. The unnaturalness of cognition is a especially important part of F rankenstein. Repeating throughout the novel, examples are shown of knowledge that brings suffering to its tasteers. What brings the most pain to Victor throughout the novel is the knowledge of how to bring life to a organism.This knowledge led to the creation of a creature that destroyed the sounds of those around him. Before Victor actually undertook the creation of his creature, he first pass months of study and research in order to discover how to give life. After Victor possessed this knowledge it was human nature for him to test his theory. Like a child who is told not to do something, Victor was compelled to do something considered taboo by the standards of his society, and fulfill his curiosity. This fulfillment brought him untold tragedy and pain. The knowledge of creation chairly finished the rest of his life.Victor actually says, although it is probably more likely Mary Shelly, You underwritek for knowledge and wisdom, as I once did and I ardently look forward to th at the gratification of your wishes may not be a serpent to sting you, as mine has been. This quotation fairly screams out the evil that knowledge has work upon Victor. In reality, of course, it was impossible to create life back then as it is impossible to complete such a feat today. According to the Romantics, all knowledge is bad, but the knowledge of creation was especially bad because life is supposed to be a very natural thing.The Monsters this life was make and so not natural, creating almost a double evil. Another piece of evil knowledge shown in this novel is the Monsters knowledge of human beings and their interactions. The Monster is inquisitive and curious of the others around him. He feels inclined to observe the humans with the hope that some day he will be evaluate by them. Yet this interaction is highly unnatural. It would carry been far wiser for the Monster to live as a beast in the forest. Unfortunately he seek knowledge and was shunned by human kind as a d isgusting lout.Without knowledge of humans, he would neer have been tempted to try to live among them and so would never have been feared. The Monsters inquisitiveness clearly symbolizes the evilness of knowledge while we dont actually have creatures like the Monster trying to live with us, we can see how knowledge led to the Monsters downfall. Yet another discovery that leads to ill ends is the Monsters knowledge of murder as a way to hurt Victor. The first time the Monster killed someone, it was an accident and he did not even mean to hurt the boy. He reached out to quiet the child and only on accident, strangled the boy.When the Monster observed how distraught this made Victor, he knew he had found a way to seek revenge. If the monster had never killed the boy, then the following pain on Victors part and disgust on the part of the Monster, would have never interpreted place. Now in reality, there are no monstrous creations that try to destroy their creators life this revenge on ce again symbolizes the evil of knowledge. In the present, humanity has not discovered a way to give the gift of life by any other means than sexual reproduction, we do not actually have an eight foot living corpse walking around in our midst, but we can see how knowledge leads to pain.A case can be made that knowledge in the real world can also lead to sorrow. From the simple knowledge of the death of a loved one, all the way up to something like knowledge that a prophesy that the world will end on 2012 is actually true, we can abide by much painful knowledge. The past two examples were clearly bad kinds of knowledge, but knowledge that we may think of every day as necessary for happiness, such as travel or a good education can also bring grief. When one travels the world, they are exposed to many sights and experiences that can change their perception of the world and bring them anguish.The story of the Buddha is one such example. Buddha had never been outside the palace he grew up in, and when he did he was immediately assailed by things such as death, disease, old age, and poverty. This traumatized the Buddha enough that he left his wife and child bringing them pain, and him, six years of deprivation. One way the Romantics view of knowledge could be summarized is by the old saying, what you dont know wont hurt you. School is supposed to offer a higher state of enlightenment, but many things that are learnt in school subtract from your happiness.Factoids that are learned can discredit a persons dreams or advance them impossible. One such example is relativity theory it could be a persons dream to go back in time to see someone or something they miss, and then they are told that actually, it is impossible to go back in time. Another way the Romantics thought of knowledge could be a assist old saying ignorance is bliss. One of the most powerful, and according to the Romantics, most dangerous things about knowledge, is that once gained, one can never rid oneself of it.If the Monster had been capable to voluntarily rid himself of the knowledge that humans existed, he probably would have never have been disappointed by their close-mindedness. However, knowledge was not the only thing that the Romantics thought of as unnatural and so essentially evil. Mary Shelly also symbolizes the evil of the unnatural through one of the major characters throughout the book, Victor. Next to Shellys clear support of the Romantics view of knowledge as unnatural, Victor supports the Romantics criterion of un-natural. The things that were thought to be some of the most unnatural things were wealth, education, productivity, and overnment. While Victor was not a part of government, he does display every other trait. He was wealthy he grew up living in a mansion on the shores of Lake Geneva, living in leisure, playing in the Alps, getting the finest education. He was educated he attended college in another country, and was always distinct for knowledge. V ictor was productive he surpassed all his fellow students at college and made leaps and bounds in his field of study. He is nearly the definition of what the Romantics consider unnatural. The Monster on the other hand could be considered very natural.The Romantics thought of nature as a work of art created from reverent imagination, and subject to interpretation. They also thought of the human imagination as the human equivalent of the powers of nature or deity. So very literally, the Monster, nature, was a work of art created from Victors divine imagination and subject to the interpretation of the human race. Not only is the Monster the epitome of nature, he is almost the opposite of the Romantics definition of unnatural. He was not wealthy, educated, or part of a government. The symbolism here comes directly from Mary Shellys own life.When she was writing this book, she was having a bad time. Her sister died and Shelly was outraged at god. This translates to a Monster who is an gry at his creator, Victor, for leaving him such a bad lot in life. The Monster says When I looked around I saw and heard of none like me. Was I a monster, a blot upon the earth from which all men fled and whom all men disowned? This must have been very similar to what Mary Shelly felt. But unlike some Romantics, Shelly did not feel that God and Nature were the same thing. In fact she felt that they were opposites.God was deity he was the divine, with the imagination that created nature, and she was the natural that was being stripped of all happiness. The Monster is a distorted version of Mary Shelly herself while Victor is a distortion of God. Through this symbolism, several things can be interpreted. First, Mary Shellys own view and unhappiness with God, and secondly romantic ideals such as natural versus unnatural, and nature as a work of art created by divine imagination. As discussed earlier, it seemed that the Monster fulfilled the Romantics definitions of unnatural.His life was created from knowledge that defiled natural life man-made so therefore unnatural. However, there seems to be an awful lot of evidence supporting the Monster as a natural being. He fitted to the definitions of being created by a divine imagination he was not wealthy or educated. So according to this argument he was a natural being. This direct clash between two seemingly true opposites demonstrates one of the principle Romantic ideals, cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance is an immensely complex psychological topic, and is considered a mental problem these days.Boiled down, cognitive dissonance means the holding of two or more contradictory ideas simultaneously. As much as Romantics hated and rejected knowledge, they also embraced it, because it was quintessential to achieving ones objectives. Romantics believed that myth and legend was not truth, but it communicated truth. And while Romantics believed that nature was the only way to encounter the eternal, they believed t hat nature is not the truth but rather symbolizes truth. The Romantics even thought of morality as something that changes perpetually.So if an uncertain morality was not too hard to live with, a natural-unnatural monster was definitely not over the heads of the Romantics. Shelly used the monster as a perfect way to symbolize cognitive dissonance. The Romantics also believed that in order to have a truly pleasing and beautiful exposure, one must first experience robust emotions such as awe, horror, and trepidation. The novel Frankenstein presents all of these emotions and displays the uncontrollable wildness of rage, pain, and suffering, the novel is a truly enjoyable and thought provoking book.The present, whenever the time of reference, can be confusing and can create uncertainties to what may actually be happening. Some people believe that saying it exactly how it is is the most helpful way to clear things up. The Romantics and many others besides thought that symbolism was a much more successful way. Frankenstein exemplifies how distortion, when used properly, can distort reality into an exaggerated unreality, that however different, succeeds in pointing out the views of a group or individual.

New Directions – Exploration, Expansion, Society, and the Arts

Unit 3 bleak Directions Exploration, Expansion, Society, and the Arts Chapters 15 & Palmer Study Guide Part I Identifying Key damage Notable People * Prince Henry the journey master Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal developed a school of merchant and sailor to prepare them for exploration. He supported the exploration of the West African coastline and later control direct the flow of gold to Europe. * Christopher capital of Ohio After Vasco da Gama reached India by rounding the Cape of Good intrust, Columbus decided to just sail West without knowing the presence of the stark naked reality. His bring downing in the Caribbean in 1492 ushered in the era of European exploration and command of the sweet World. * Bartholomew Diaz In 1488, Bartholomew Diaz rounded the Cape of Good Hope and returned back to Portugal without reaching India. His journey gave motivation for Vasco da Gama to round the Cape of Good Hope and reach India. * Hernando Cortez In 1521 Hernando Courts con quers the Mexica (Aztec) Empire by convincing the natives that he was the God. He used the encomienda system which was a disguised form of slavery. Bartolome de las Casas de las Casas, a former conquistador, publicly criticized the ruthlessness with which Columbus and his successors treated the Amerindians. * Michel de Montaigne * Giovanni Bernini * Francisco Pizarro Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire in 1533. He used the encomienda system which was a disguised form of slavery. * Ferdinand Magellan In 1519 Magellan proves the solid ground round and the world is a lot bigger than expected by circumnavigating the globe. He convinces the Spanish to give up gaining power in the spice apportion. Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama reaches Calicut, India in 1498 and launches the Portuguese military expansion. His motives for his journey to India were Christians and spices. * Fuggers Fuggers were on of the banking families like the Medicis who used usury, change in high interests, to g ain money and power. Later, the Fuggers were replaced by state banks in Holland. Terms and Events * Columbian Exchange Both Europe and the New world were transformed as a result of the Age of Exploration and the exchanges that occurred in the midst of tow regions.For Europeans, the Columbian exchange resulted in improved diet, make upd wealth, and the rise of global empires. * Conquistadors * Encomienda Encomienda system was a system in which the Amerindians worked for an owner for certain number of days per week. Spains ability to forcibly utilize Amerindian labor was a major reason why the Spanish Empire imported few slaves form Africa. * pronounce- line of credit company Joint stock companies allowed investors to pool resources for a common purpose. One successful example is the Dutch E. India Company. Price re youngal The price gyration occurred due to population growth, increase in volume of money, and the influx of gold and silver from New World. The middle class (merchan t, bankers, etc) benefited from the price revolution and prospered. * Treaty of Tordesillas The treaty divided the New World between Spain and Portugal. It gave Spain the exclusive right to the African slave trade (asiento). * Mercantilism Nations sought a self-sufficient economy by creating a favorable end of trade where ones country exported far more than it imported. Triangular trade The rianglular trade developed form the Columbian Exchange that links Africa, the New World, and Europe by trade. Both Europe and the New world were transformed as a result of the Age of Exploration and the exchanges that occurred. * Middle Passage * power hammer Maleficarum * Dutch East India Company The Company, founded in 1602, founded settlement in South Africa, took over many Portuguese trading posts, and seized Malaca in 1641. It was one of the first enounce stock companies and was the beginning of capitalism. Bank of Amsterdam * London Stock Exchange * Old Imperialism The old imperialism is characterized by establishing posts and forts on coastal regions but not penetrating inland to conquer entire regions or subjugate their populations. It benefited the mother countries in Europe because the colonies provided raw materials which could be manufacture and sold for profit. * Entrepreneur * mercantile Revolution The moneymaking(prenominal) revolution is a five century economic transition from feudalism to industrial capitalism.Major aspects were commercialization of industry, new capitalistic ventures, and mercantilism. * Putting Out organization * Usury Usury is where a banking family puts extremely high interest on loans to gain money. However, usury was abolished when individual banks were replaced by state banks. Part II review Quesitons 1. Why did Europeans begin to embark on voyages of discovery and expansion at the end of the fifteenth century? Europeans began to embark on voyages of discovery and expansion for political, economic, and phantasmal reasons.One o f the primary motives was the Turkish dominance of Mediterranean because Turks controlled the trade material price. Another reason was Portugals curiosity about the unknown and the eagerness to find the Ethiopian kingdom of Prester John. As the phrase God, glory, and gold states, the main reasons were to conquest Muslims, find gold and silver, and glorify oneself. 2. How did Portugal and Spain acquire their overseas empires, and how did their empires differ? 3. How did European expansion profess both the conquerors and the conquered? . What was mercantilism, and what was its relation embark to colonial empires? In mercantilism, nations sought a self-sufficient economy by creating a favorable balance of trade where ones country exported far more than it imported. The mother nations used the colonies to acquire raw materials and used the raw materials and produced manufactured goods. The mother nations benefited from the colonies hrough raw materials, gold, and much more. The colonie s also served as markets for finished goods where the mother nations gained profit. 5.What was the relationship between European overseas expansion and political, economic, and social developments in Europe? 6. What was the social status of women between 1560-1648, and what do the ravish hunts tell us about social attitudes toward women? 7. What is skepticism? Why did faith and religious certainty begin to come to an end in the first fraction of the ordinal century? 8. Explain how advances in learning and technology influenced fifteenth and ordinal century European exploration and trade. Advances in learning and technology allowed European exploration and trade to happen without many troubles.Caravels that had triangular lateen sails and the sternpost rudder and used wind speed to move allowed the Europeans to travel through the Atlantic Ocean. With less sympathetic labor, more cargo space opened up for trade goods to be shipped. Astrolabe, the use of stars or the sun to travel , explorers were able to know the approximate location of their ship in the middle of ocean. Cartography and learning Atlantic wind patterns enhanced the easiness and accuracy of the journey. 9. Explain the reasons for the rise of the Netherlands as a leading commercial power in the period 1550-1650.Two political reasons for the rise of the Netherlands as a leading commercial power are the support from merchant oligarchies of autonomous provinces and the Iberian neglect of domestic economy. Because Spain didnt expand its manufacturing industries, Spain had to give all its gold and silver to pay for their imports. On the other hand, Netherlands developed its service industries such as manufacturing and banking which enhanced the economy. Netherlands had the largest merchant marine in Europe that could protect the ships with goods from attacks by pirates and other nations.Because Netherlands was the haven for religious exiles, the Calvinist Protestant work Ethic spread. 10. chance on the causes of the price revolution and the effect of this period of inflation upon European society. Price revolution was the period of gradual inflation due to population growth, increase in volume of money, and influx of gold and silver from the New World. As the population increase, the demand for goods also increased, which led to increasing prices. Nobles who had fixed income were negatively affected by the price revolution.However, the middle class (bourgeoisie) who acquired much of their wealth from trading and manufacturing increased their social and political status. The peasants or the poor who didnt have enough income suffered the near from the inflation and increasing prices of goods. 11. Describe the differences between Spanish and Portuguese exploration in the sixteenth century and English and Dutch exploration in the seventeenth century. 12. Describe the reasons behind King Charles Is decision to begin the African slave trade. Las Casas who criticized the encomienda system urged Spanish crown to find a new source of labor other than the natives.The sugarcane plantations in the Caribbean and South Africa required a backbreaking labor supply. In 1518, Charles I authorized first burden of Africans to the New World in order to increase labor for sugarcane plantations. For King Charles, slaves were the only source of labor that could work and bring profit to his country. 13. development at least two specific pieces of art, describe Baroque art. Who supported its development, and how was it both similar to and different from previous styles of art? 14. What are the defining characteristics of the commercial-grade Revolution?Three major aspects of the Commercial Revolution are commercialization of industry, new capitalistic ventures, and mercantilism. The commercialization of the cottage industry supported by study monarchs began to usurp the economic power held by guild and propel transition of the economy to industrial capitalism. The developme nt of state/national banks, stock markets, and joint stock companies describe how people were interested in investment for profit. During the commercial revolution, new industries such as mining, shipbuilding, artillery, and printing developed. 5. What are the three factors that caused the further development of the Commercial Revolution during the early modern age? Three factors that furthered the growth of the Commercial revolution are opening of the Atlantic, population growth, and price revolution. The opening of the Atlantic allowed for greater trade and a global trade for the first time. Population growth during the 16th century meant increased production and increased profit. The price revolution which led to inflation decreased the power of nobilities and increased the power and status of bourgeoisies.Part III Chronological Awareness 1. Sack of Antwerp by Alexander Farnese 2. Vasco da Gama lands at Calicut in India 3. Dutch found New Amsterdam 4. Dutch seize Malacca from Por tuguese 5. Portuguese capture Malacca from Muslims 6. English settlement at Jamestown 7. African slave trade begins 8. Treaty of Tordesillas 9. Pizarro defeats Incas in Peru 10. Opening of the Potosi mines Part IV Multiple Choice Practice 1. Which of the following is true about the commercial revolution in Europe? a. Most of the money used for overseas commercial venture came from European governments. b.Joint-stock companies provided the means for individual investor to profit from overseas commercial ventures. c. European nations willingly cooperated to prevent commercial rivalries in the New World. d. Private banking houses continued to be the standard financial institutions of the age of exploration. e. Most nations saw a reducing in tariffs and trade restrictions during the commercial revolution. 2. Which of the following is the underlying premise of mercantilism? a. Agriculture should be the backbone of the economy. b. Government intervention in the economy is detrimental to its prosperity. c.There is a limited amount of bullion in the world, and the nation that controls the most will dominate politically and economically. d. Colonies are a waste of resources, and the money could be better spent on public transportation projects. e. Governments should work hard to prevent monopolies. 3. The Treaty of Tordesillas a. Set boundaries that divided New World colonization between the English and the French. b. Set boundaries that divided New World colonization between the Portuguese and the Spanish. c. Set boundaries that divided West Indian trade routes between the Dutch and the Portuguese. d.Banned the Catholic Church from missionary activity in China. e. Banned the Catholic Church from missionary activity in Japan. 4. All of the following were goals of Prince Henry the Navigator EXCEPT f. Seeking a Christian kingdom as an ally against the Muslims. g. Finding new trade opportunities for Portugal. h. Extending Christianity to the newly discovered regions. i. Buying slaves to ship to the New World. j. Wanting to explore the coast of Africa for Portugal. 5. Overseas trade and settlement in the seventeenth century was most clearly rule by k. The Dutch. l. Portugal. m. Spain. n. England. o. France. 6.Which of the following is a TRUE statement about the means of overseas expansion during the age of exploration? p. The nations most heavily involved in overseas trade were those that had dominated trade during the medieval and Renaissance periods. q. Ptolemys world map quickly led explorers astray, and it wasnt until Mercator made his famous map that sailors were able to venture to the New World. r. The invention of the quadrant allowed sailors to safely sail below the equator. s. In the late fifteenth century, most educated Europeans still thought the earth was flat and feared sailing until Columbus returned from his first voyage. . The growth of centralized monarchies during the Renaissance created governments that had the means to support o verseas expansion. 7. Why did the English, Dutch, and French governments fail to begin colonization of the Americas and direct trade with the Orient until more than 100 years after Columbus discovered America? u. Their geographical positions put them at a disadvantage for trans-oceanic movement. v. The northern countries lacked fitted ships and the advanced technology to make long voyages. w. Domestic troubles and religious controversies delayed organized action. x.Western European bankers refused to loan monarchs money for such ventures. y. The northerners were slow to abandon their conventional Mediterranean trade routes. 8. All of the following statements regarding the Price Revolution begun in Europe during the sixteenth century are true EXCEPT z. Workers wages increased to equal the rising standard of living. . A firm rise in population added to consumer demand. . Imports of gold and silver increased the money supply. . The policies of the new monarchies included steady hike s in taxes. . The availability of bank credit increased business expansion and production. . Couples in early modern Europe generally put off pairing until they were, on average, in their mid- to late twenties because a. sexual maturation was delayed until the mid-twenties because of poor nutrition. b. they were concerned about scarcity of housing. c. they needed to acquire land or learn a trade before they could support a family. d. the customs and mores of a society dominated by religion promoted sexual restraint. e. laws out(p) marriage without parental permission before the age of majority. 10. Why did African slavery grow quickly in the Caribbean and South America in the sixteenth century? . As Europeans came to love tobacco, tobacco plantations demanded more slave labor. b. European realized that African slaved worked well with European slaves and, therefore, produced more cotton. c. The Spanish conquered the Dutch colonies in the New World and began to use African slaves to cultivate coffee. d. Because rice was a staple in diets around the world, Europeans realized that they needed more slaves to produce big quantities of it. e. Because of the European appetite for sugar, natures shipped African slaves in large numbers to the New World to work on sugar cane plantations.

Maxine Kumin Poetry Analysis

Maxine Kumin definitely has a very shocking way of portraying her poetry. It can well be seen that she has a deep love for nature and animals. However, it goes to a much further distance than your average person. In the poem Morning Swim and To Swim, to see she describes swimming, as obviously menti unmatchabled in the title. In Morning Swim she describes becoming one with the body of water as she travels through it. In To Swim, to Believe she describes delivery boy walking on the water, as described in the Bible. She states about how Peter had doubt about what Jesus t superannuated him to do, and thus as a result ferine into the water.This poem demonstrates the importance of believing. Heaven as Anus is a very strong poem. It describes the multiple horrors and atrocities that animals face while they are facing testing and experiments. The poem actually stabs at you and expresses its opinion with feeling. For example, The whitewall labs fill up with the feces of fear. (Kumin) R equiem on I-89 describes the carcasses of animals being devoured on the road. She shirks in no details at all. The putrid, split carcasses strewn crosswise the road are explained in vivid detail. For example, lies on its side, bust open. (Kumin) Kumin uses very interesting rhyme schemes.In Morning Swim it is pretty straightforward. Every trace rhymes with the one following it. In Heaven as Anus I can really only see the first and third lines rhyming, as well as the at last two lines rhyming. In Requiem on I-89 I can see that no consecutive lines rhyme with each other. Donald Justice does a very straightforward job of using imagery to portray events in his poems. In First Death he describes the death and wake of his grandmother. One quote that really bear on me was Powder mixed with a drying paste as I remember the makeup that my late massive-grandmother wore. In Absences he describes the emptiness of a snow-stricken day.This poem is kind of gloomy in tone, as it describes his memories of playing a childhood piano. I really found that Men at Forty was a rather interesting, if evenhandedly humorous, poem. In it, he is describes how middle-aged men reminisce about certain things. For example, remembering teaching their sons how to tie their shoes. The face of the boy as he practices tying. He says There are more fathers than sons themselves now, alluding to the fact that at this point in the mens lives (at least in this time period) their children are growing old enough to the point where they are beginning to move out.Donald Justice rhymes his poem First Death in a very simple matter. Every line rhymes with the subsequent line following it. This goes on for all of the forty-eight lines that it contains. I could honestly find no evidence of rhyme in his poem Children walk of life Home From School Through Good Neighborhood. The same is the case of Absences. This reinforces the concept, that comes from previous readings as well, that rhyme is not needed at all to create great works of poetry.

Supported by the lines

The first thing that can take immediately aces attention about the song is its calendar method of birth control. The lines contained therein would be appealing for children to meditate, but they would have difficulty in interpreting its meaning. I, for one, distinguished the meaning of the poem as something like a tiger stalking through the forest in the dead of the night. Yet, I also imagined that the poem talks about a constellation of stars resembling the shape of a tiger in the distant deeps or skies.The first paragraph is clear that the tiger is walking along through the forest, peradventure hunting for its prey. This is supported by the lines In the forest of the night, what immortal hand or eye could frame thy fearful symmetry. The would-be-prey in this poem could be a human being. The man fearing the tiger because of the lines and when thy heart began to beat, what dread hand? And what dread feet? in what furnace as thy brain? what the anvil?What dread grasps dare its d eadly scare clasp? The poem was always in an inquiring mode. Meaning, it asks so many questions literally, the poem is littered with question marks. The reader would find it sometimes difficult to read the poem with ease and fluidity, because what he unconsciously does is to pause after a line, then tries to answer the question for each line. Nevertheless, the poem did manage to create a sense of beauty surrounding the mystery of the tiger hunting in the night.After reading the poem, I arrived at the conclusion that the poem will appeal to children because of its rhythm and the subject of the poem, yet it would appeal also to inquiring adults because of the intricacies posed by the questions in the poem. Three questions for other students 1) What does the word Lamb in the poem hold out for? 2) On what wings dare he aspire? what does this line mean? 3) Why did William Blake describe Tyger as burning bright?

Mandatory Life without Parole for Juveniles Essay

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYCurrently, over 2,500 people ar constituent a flavour sentence without the option of liberate for crimes act as adolescents. Fortunately, this policy is non considered in all states. Twelve states have discontinued life sentences without the option of word for juveniles. Al to the highest degree two- thirds of life without unloosen sentences for juveniles (JLWOP) happens in five states. Seventy-three fryren were ages 13 or 14 at time that their crime was committed. Research has been conducted that proves the vast remainder in brain growth of a child compared to an adult.Society does non allow minors to purchase cigarettes or alcohol, enlist into the military or compute into a legal binding agreement such as an apartment lease until the age of 18 or older because of the knowledge that minors are not mature enough to make certain decisions. However, when a minor commits homicide we allow them to be sentenced as an adult and disregard their partial brain tuition and decreased culpability. It is the responsibility of fellowship to protect our children from cruel and unusual penalisation such as juvenile life without password sentences. The policy brief go forth give a history of the juvenile justice arrangement, trends, and current state. Brief give also address importance of the problem and recommendations for reform of this policy.CONTEXT AND wideness OF THE PROBLEMAlmost everyone would agree that children are the core of our future. Therefore, it is imperative that we have laws/policies in place that will protect them from cruel and unusual punishment in any capacity. However, much debate continues to arise c oncerning mandatory life in prison without the possibility of parole for juvenile offenders. In attempting to change a mixer policy concerning the juvenile justice corpse it is important to address the concern in its context. Therefore, reviewing the history of the juvenile justice system is imperative when attemptin g to understand the system in its current state.The attitude of society towards juvenile offenders has drastically changed over the years and therefore impacted the overall goal of the system. The juvenile system was constituted in the late 1800s with the goal to reform and rehabilitate. During this time it was the legal opinion that bad surrounds caused bad children. Consequently, specialized institutions called reformatories were formed to inseminate foot like environments. The main belief that motivated this structure of the system was that children were far different from adults and would have unique singularized needs. Contrary to the gentle idea of reformatories children were often subjected to harsh labor conditions in factories and farms.Often, children who reached fifteen years of age were seen as children with little to no hope of rehabilitation and as a result were transferred to adult prisons. During this era the system was not prepared to address serious offenses com mitted by juveniles and therefore lacked execution of formal due process rights. In 1899 the first juvenile court system was created and soon after in 1906 the first federal system followed. By 1925, almost all states established juvenile court systems and probation services. Due to a cutting in 1966 the Court decided that juveniles had the right to have procedural protections and due process rights. In the late 1980s violent crimes committed by juveniles dramatically increased. The increase in crime resulted in stricter crime legislation all through the nation. The new legislation was said to be motivated by idolise due to frequent incidents of school violence. This legislation formed the belief that adult crimes should be addressed with adult punishment.Consequences to juvenile crime seemed to be more punitive, unlike to past ideas of rehabilitation and reform for juveniles. The number of juvenile offenders being imprisoned enlarged and the cruelty of sentencing began to includ e life without parole. More recently, it seems that the overall attitude of society has changed again towards juvenile offenders. Society has begun to focus on the obvious differences between children and adults and childrens ability to mature and change. Recent studies on adolescent brain cookment confirm that children are different from adults in ways that are important when attempting to identify appropriate sentences for juveniles. In addition, recent Supreme Court rulings have proscribed the use of capital punishment for juveniles and also limited life without parole sentences to homicide offenders. Furthermore, in 2012 the Court ordered judges to consider each individual childs mitigating circumstances.This ruling prohibited mandatory sentences of life without parole for all juveniles. In 2005, Roper v. Simmons, the Supreme Court ruled that juveniles can no lengthy be sentenced to death forcrimes committed when they were younger than 18 years of age. This ruling stated that a death sentence was cruel and unusual punishment for juveniles as they are immature and therefore less culpable. Consequently, this ruling affected 72 juvenile offenders in twelve states. Before this decision 22 people were killed for crimes committed as minors. Following the Roper decision the harshest sentence for a minor was life without parole. In 2010 Graham v. Florida, the Court prohibited life without parole sentencing for minors not convicted of murder. The ruling immediately affected the sentencing of 123 prisoners. Following this ruling it was recognized that crimes that do not end in murder were less deserving of the most serious punishment. After the rulings that prohibited the death penalty for minors and restricted the sentence of life without parole to murder crimes almost 2,500 prisoners were serving sentences of life without parole for crimes committed as minors.However, in 2012 miller v. Alabama and Jackson v. Hobbs, the Supreme Court ruled that for minors the l ife without parole sentence was a lease violation of the Eighth Amendment. This ruling required that judges consider the juveniles character and extenuating circumstances in an attempt to give a fair sentence. As stated previously, a number of professionals have reported that adolescent brains are not fully developed and therefore over time will develop and provide capability for change as children mature. Adolescence is known to be noticeable by transient rashness and inability to assess consequences.In addition, people serving life without parole sentences lives vary but usually have been plagued with difficult upbringings, exposure to violence, and direct abuse. It is important that when determining sentencing for a juvenile that family and home environment are considered. Moreover, racial inequality seems to factor into the burden of this sentence. While 23.2% of juvenile arrests for murder involve an African American suspected of killing a exsanguine person, 42.4% of JLWOP se ntences are for African-American convicted of this crime. White juvenile offenders with African American victims are only half as likely to receive JLWOP sentences Approximately 2,000 prisoners who are soon serving juvenile life without parole sentences may be affected by this decision.The most recent ruling, Miller v. Alabama affects mandatory sentencingpolicies in 29 states and the federal government. There are currently no guidelines about how states should implement retroactivity of this ruling. As a result, there have been very different reactions to the way that states will handle retroactivity of this ruling. Some state Supreme Courts have decided that Mille implies retroactively and former(a) states have decided that Miller is not retroactive. However, most states have not changed their statues and therefore have left many prisoners anxiously waiting for possible resentencing.Currently, fifteen states do not have prisoners serving life without parole sentences and the rema in 35 states have less than 100 prisoners serving life without parole sentences for crimes committed as juveniles. Furthermore, the monetary cost for JLWOP is astronomical. Housing cost for juveniles serving LWOP requires decades of universe expenditures. It is estimated that the annual cost for incarceration per inmate is approximately 31,000. Due to increased medical expenses after the age of 55 the annual cost raises to 65,000. Therefore, a life-time sentence for a juvenile will cost taxpayers almost 2 million dollars.SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONSThere have been great strides concerning cruel and unusual punishment for sentencing of juvenile offenders. Removing juvenile life without parole for all juveniles would not guarantee release of offenders. However, it would provide the opportunity for the offenders case to be reviewed once he/she has served a realistic amount of their sentence. During this review the offenders individual circumstances, such as their family and home environ ment would be considered when decided to grant the possibility of parole. In several other countries a mandatory review is completed once the offenders serve 10 to 15 years of their sentence. However, if sufficient rehabilitation has not occurred the individual will remain in prison and another review be granted in the next five years. There is growing support for this manner of reform concerning JLWOP. The state of California now provides offenders a realistic opportunity at parole after 15-25 years if their crime was committed while they were minors.Also, requiring Millers retroactivity for all states would be a great stridein the area of policy reform. Opponents to retroactivity argue that Miller did not ban life without parole for juvenile offenders but instead required that a judge follow a particular process when imposing the penalty. Those against retroactivity also highlight the significant cost of requiring this. They also dispute that resentencing could take resources fro m current cases in order to focus on old cases where facts may not be available or non-existent. Furthermore, this could pioneer the right to counsel for offenders who wish to challenge their sentence which would also add to the cost of retroactivity. Opponents strongly insist that funds would be better directed at reforming juvenile sentencing for sentencing after Miller.On the contrary, proponents of retroactivity argue that the court meant for its ruling to be retroactive. Opponents state that once a new rule is functional to the defendant in the case announcing the rule, evenhanded justice requires that it be applied retroactively to all who are similarly situated. For that reason, when the Court reversed Jackson v. Hobbs it also authorized the retroactivity of other cases similar positioned. Replacing mandatory life without parole with lesser sentences such as life with the possibility of parole or eliminating juvenile life without parole altogether is also another recommendat ion for reform of this policy.The best solution seems to be individualized sentencing for juvenile offenders. This solution would require individual sentence listening for minors with crimes of murder and individual evaluation. However, if this law was required to be retroactive family of the victims would direct be affected by this change. Families may have to endure the latent impact of parole board hearing for the offender. In addition, community members who have a financial investment in the business of prisons would also be directly affected as their revenue would greatly decrease over time. Lastly, schools and Social workers can work to identify children who may be experiencing difficulty in the family and home environment and offer services in an attempt to prevent the child from committing a crime and therefore having to be introduced to the juvenile justice system.REFERENCESThe End of needful Juvenile Life without Parole. Kennedy, Megan. CriminalJustice Policy Review. S ep. 2014, Vol. 25 Issue 5, p553-578. 26p DO1 10.1177/0887430341.Review for Release Juvenile Offenders, State Parole Practices & the Eight Amendment. Russell,Sarah French. Indiana integrity Journal. Winter 2014, Vol. 89 Issue 1, p373-440. 68p.Just Grow Up Already The Diminished Culpability of Juvenile Gang Members AfterMiller V. Alabama. Kellogg, Sarah A. capital of Massachusetts College fair play Review. 2014, Vol. 55 Issue1, p265-299. 35p.Branded for Life The Unconstitutionality of Mandatory& Life time Juvenile Sex OffenderRegistration& Notification. Parker, Shannon C. Virginia Journal of Social Policy& the Law.2014, Vol. 21 Issue 1, p167-205.Criminal Law-Juvenile Life without Parole Sentences-Eleventh Circuit Holds that Miller Is NotRetroactive. Harvard Law Review. Feb. 2014, Vol. 127. Issue 4, p1252-1259. 8p.Mitigating After Miller Legislative Considerations & Remedies for the Future of JuvenileSentencing. Fiorillo, Sara E. Boston University Law Review. Dec 2013, Vol. 93 Issue 6, p2095-2129, 35p.Symposium Bombshell or Baby step? The Ramifications of Miller V Alabama for SentencingLaw& Juvenile Crime Policy. Litton, Paul. minute Law Review. Fall 2013, Vol 78 Issue 4,P 1003-1014. 12p.

Danone History Essay

1.historyThe original familiarity bearing the corporate name was founded in 1919 by Isaac Carasso, a Spanish physician of Greek origin, in Barcelona. In 1923, he came up with a unique treatment for patient with digestive problems and he developed a crossing that he distributed though pharmacies and drug stores, and which soon became a big success-yoghurt. The factory was named Dan ane, a Catalan diminutive of the name of his commencement son, Daniel Carasso. Ten years later, the company moved from Spain to neighboring France and the first French factory was built. In 1949, the yoghurt was firstly packaged in a glassful can. In 1951, this glass package replaced the porcelain can which was used before and because of this change the yoghurt became more popular and very common in diary rock-loving alimentation. In 1968, Danone was firstly announced in TV. http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=njZNtHoM6ZQSome years later, they extended their brand by producing petit suise (1972), Natillas (1 974) and also the first non-fat (1985). In 1988, Danone commercialised Bio Yoghurt, which nowadays helps us with digestive matters. In 1992, Danone was the main sponsor of the Barcelona 92 Olympic Games which added more popularity to the company. One year later, Danone Institute was born. The aim of this name is to improve the citizen nutrition habits. In 1995, Danone continued extending its brand by incorporating Actimel, which supposed a revolution in the alimentary world due to its purpose of defense.In 1998, Danone was the official sponsor of France football world championship. 2 years later, they create the official website of Danone www.Danone.es. In 2004, Danone commercialized Danacol, a growth which aim is to reduce cholesterol in a simple and efficient way. Danone launched a campaign in order to encourage families to lead a healthy lifestyle Danone Family. In 2006, Danone started producing soybean yoghurts 100 % vegetal. DANONE NOWADAYSSince 1998, Groupe DANONE has been organised in three business divisions worldwide which, in 2004, represented more than 97% of its consolidated sales Fresh dairy Products which groups together yoghurts, desserts and infant foods represent about 50% of the Groupes consolidated sales,Beverages, essentially packaged water, which represent about 25% of consolidated sales and Biscuits and caryopsis products, which represent about 22% of consolidated sales. The motors of this supported growth are a strong health/ well-being positioning, at the heart of concerns of consumers and bracing uptake opportunities (times or places) combined with the dynamism of the growth of emerging countries. This focus on 3 dynamic categories allows the company to have a determining strategic plus at its disposal to continue to display a growth rate that is higher than the average in the sector.2.InternationalizationBalanced geographical presenceToday to the highest degree 31% of the companys sales are on emerging markets. This brings Da none close to its target, which is to do 40% of business on emerging markets and 60% in developed countries a balanced presence that means they benefit from both the high potential of developing economies and the steady demand of more mature markets. In recent years, Group DANONE has built up strong positions on emerging markets to take the number-one place in each of their three core businesses.This successful world(prenominal) expansion rewards a strategy focusing on a limited number of countries, selected for their growth potential, where Danone has the size to achieve significant economies of scale. Products within the reach of well-nigh consumers, high-profile brands, and effective, wide-ranging distribution for sales close to consumers are the essential components of our model for profitable growth on emerging markets, which we sum up as affordability, knowingness and availability. In Western Europe, too, Group DANONE can look forward to continued, steady growth, building o n strengths that include well-established positions.World leadership built on local anesthetic strengthIn each of its business lines Danone is a world leader, which gives it a clear competitive advantage in terms of marketing expertise, industrial efficiency, extensiveness of product ranges and R&D. And in each case, world leadership is built on strong number one positions on local markets, enabling the company to forge both close ties to consumers and balanced, long-term relationships with major retailers., unrivalled familiarity withlocal consumers, and a recognized capacity for effective innovation http//www.danone.com/en/company/global-presence.html3.INTERNAL CHACARTERISTICS set/FUNCTIONS/SWOT-Strengths-In this part of the SWOT analysis we will focus on the strengths of the company. * Brand loyalty Danone disposes of an excellent background which, along with the consumers product perception creates this brand loyalty which allows the demand to be inelastic. Therefore Danone gua rantees its sells stability. (falta rollo) * Innovation thank to Danone Institute, this company is able to invest on a regular basis, in R&D, obtaining from it new product lines which fulfill consumers needs.* Distribution channels Since the beginnings Danone reaches daily every single supermarket in every corner of the world thanks to its perfectly adapted transportation system which maintains all the products fresh and ready to be consumed. * Danone has a perfect flow of information inside the company. Information travels perfectly, up and down the hierarchical pyramid. Departments have coordination policies in order to take the maximum profit of their resources. This philosophy gives a chance to creativity and allows to improve current product lines as well as to launch new ones.-Weaknesses-* Danone depends basically on daily products. We consider that if the company really wants to keep growing and becoming one of the multinational leaders, it should diversify its income sources . * A main problem Danone has, when willing to grow by exporting outside the EU is that its products are fresh and with a of a sudden caducity period. Therefore, if the company wants to take good positioning in foreign markets, it must invest in new facilities. Another option would be to create new product ranges of non-refrigerated yogurts which caducity periods are longer.-Opportunities-Danone Vitalinea has a strong presence in the fat free yoghurt market. Its 56% market share gives Danone the opportunity to invest in R&D in order to launch to the market new fat free products and sell them to the sameconsumers. Taking advantage of the increasing personal image concern, Vitalinea should be one of the strongest ranges of Danone Yoghurts, in order to properly supply the latent demand. Some segments of the population are not a target for Danone, and this should change. Danone should be a brand that consumers would buy every time they go to the store. Danone should be a brand that eve ry family should have at home. The way to achieve it is to evidence its products by offering special flavours and innovative possibilities. The consumer needs to know that Danone is the only brand that can offer the more specialized products, without forgetting about health, quality and price.-Threats-Danone Vitalinea is face up a market where too many products are offered to the different costumers. As we know, Danone Vitalinea has a 56% yoghurt market share, but competitors actually fight for the domicile 44%. Danone offers quality products with high prices and competitors offer lower prices for the same type of products. This means that the consumer should receive a big added value when deciding to buy a Danone product. This market is plenty of imported products from other countries that accomplish with health and quality standards that Danone offers. The critical point is that they offer it at a lower price and if consumers watch to change Danone for another cheaper imported brand and they like it, Danone will definitely loose these consumers.

Plate Tectonics Essay Essay

Assess the strength of the blood between architectonic processes and study landforms on the earths draw close.Tectonic processes have been responsible for the major landforms across the Earths surface. These processes be controlled by the convection currents rising from the Earths mantle.Firstly, one billet where tectonic activity occurs is at pelagic to oceanic constructive shell boundaries. Here both plates take leave or move away from each other, pushed apart by huge convection currents In the earths mantle. These convection currents are initiated by heat energy produced from radioactive decay in the earths core. As the convection currents move the plates away from each other, there is a weaker zone in the saddle sore and an increase in heat near the surface. The hotter, expanded crust forms a ridge. Magma rises up from the mantle in the gap. The lava cools, solidifies and forms a range of a function of vol hatfulic mountains thousands of miles long down the middle of t he ocean eg. Atlantic. There are transform faults at accountability angles to the ridge. The movement of these faults causes rift valleys to occur.Examples of these landforms created by constructive plate margins are the Mid Atlantic Ridge (MIR) , and the with child(p) African rift valley (GARV). The MIR is the result of the pairing American plate and Eurasian plate divergent in the middle of the Atlantic ocean. Here, volcanic islands such as Iceland, the Canary islands and ascension island have been created by the rising magma from the mantle. The GARV is an example of where the crust has dropped down between parallel faults to form rift valleys. As the crust subducts into the mantle it melts causing igneous activity be pathetic, magma to rise and therefore volcanoes erupt on the surface as a result. Evidence of this volcanic activity is shown by Mount Kenya and Mount Kilimanjaro. The lava here has a low viscosity, it very hot (1200 C) and has a low silica content.An example o f where landforms have been created at a divers(prenominal) plate boundary, a destructive plate margin, is where two plates, the Nazca plate, an oceanic plate, and the South American plate, a Continental plate, converge. Here, two plates meet and the labouredr oceanic lithosphere of the Nazca plate is forced down under the more floaty continental lithosphere ofthe South American plate, descending at an angle into the mantle in a process called subduction. This is marked on the ocean surface by the presence of the Peru-Chilie trench. The friction between the plates prevents the subducting oceanic plate from sliding smoothly. As it descends it drags against the overlying plate causing both fracture and deform.This results in browse shallow focus earthquakes The subduction of the Nazca plate under southern Chile produced the largest earthquake ever recorded, with a order of 9.5 in 1960. Volcanoes are also created here as one plate subducts and partially melts the magma rises up thr ough and through fissures and can reach the surface. The type of lava here is andesitic, very high in silica and not very hot resulting in a composite volcano being formed out of layers of ash and lava. The descend mountain range is an example of where a destructive plate boundary has caused the Juan de Fuca plate to subduct under the North American plate. This resulted in 15 composite volcanoes being formed, one of them, Mount St. Helens.Similar to the peru-chile region, the Japanese islands are situated in a subduction zone. In the north-centralwestern margin of the pacific oceans, the pacific plate and Filipino plate converge. On the pacific side, trenches run parallel to these islands. As one plate subducts beneath the other, it heats up and melted magmas rise towards the surface. These Japanese island arcs extend 3000km and magma produced under them form felsic plutonic rocks (granite), some of which erupts on the surface to make volcanoes. Large-scale formation of granites d evelops the crust of island arc.On the other hand, some tectonic activity doesnt produce any landform. An example is at the San Andreas Fault. Although both plates are moving in a north westerly direction, the pacific plate Is moving faster than the north American plate (7cm/year faster), so the relative movement of the north American plate is to the south east. The pacific plate is being move northwest due to the sea floor dispersion from the pacific coast rise in the disconnection of California. The North American plate is being pushed west and north due to sea floor spreading of the mid-Atlantic ridge. Movement is sporadic and jerky. Frictional forces lock the blocks of lithosphere together for years at a time. When frictional forces are overcome, the plates slip andshallow focus earthquakes are generated.Similarly, landforms can be produced without the source of tectonic activity. The Hawaiian islands are not connected with any plate boundary. The volcanic area is caused by a localized hot spot beneath the pacific plate. A concentration of radioactive elements inside the mantle whitethorn cause such a hotspot to develop. From this, a plume of magma rises to eat into the plate above the hotspot. The hotspot is stationary so as the pacific plate moves over it, lines of basaltic shield volcanoes are created. These can be eroded to have flat tops called guyots. In Hawaii, the main island is closest to the hotspot and so it is the most volcanically active. However as the pacific plate moves north west at 10cm/year, a new island, Loihi allow form as the submarine volcano builds up to sea level.Finally, collision plate boundries.. When continental and oceanic plates collide, the thinner and more dense oceanic plate is overridden by the thicker and less dense continental plate. The oceanic plate is forced don into the mantle by a process called subduction. As the oceanic plate descends it is forced into higher temperature environments. At 100 miles deep the su bducting plate begins to melt. The partial melting produces magma chambers above the subducting oceanic plate. The magma ascends through the overlying materials, melting and fracturing its way up. If the magma rises to the surface without solidifying it will break through in the form of a volcanic eruption. The Himalayan mountains are an example of where the Indian continental plate has been put under extreme pressure as it collides with the Eurasian plate, forcing the edges of the pates upwards in to a series of folds, as one subducts beneath the other.In conclusion, the strength of the relationship between tectonic processes and major landforms on earth can be described as strong. There is a exempt correlation between the events that occur at constructive, destructive and collision plate boundaries and the landforms produced consequently. Although there are situations where the two are not linked, ultimately the characteristics of the landform will have been influenced by some s oft of tectonic movement. For example, the gyves of Hawaiian hotspot islands arein this shape due to the northward movement of the pacific plate.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Application and Human Factor

Un do work aerial vehicle, or UAV, is mavin of the latest aircrafts recently being utilized by the United States Military. Its conception has provided subscriber line repel swears with assurances of safe return after a fighting mission, a feat nalways before deliver the goods in warf ares history. Since its invention in the 1920s, sev epochl technological advances start out been made extending leakage distance and continuation capabilities, and pay consigning armaments compar qualified to those of work fighter jets.Since UAVs are usually controlled by an outdoor(a) master on Ground underwrite Stations, or GCS, it is unavoidable for this musical arrangement to be set about with world brokers, sometimes resulting in mission failures, at times even in aircraft crashes. Unmanned aired Vehicles Applications and Human Factor Recent engine room has introduced to us a new form of aircraft in aviation. mayhap repayable to the increasing incidents of aircraft accidents d uring these past decades, which often resulted in the deaths of even the around experient pilots, airline conglomerates and phalanx authorities had painspickingsly searched for the completion of the invention of Unmanned Aircraft Vehicles, or UAV. In this paper, we shall be witnesses to a technology that has the potential to closely eliminate pilot casualties, whether in war, espionage missions, or even in commercial dodgings.We shall equivalently see how human ingredients affect such technology, in terms of control and manipulation of the aircraft, and the causal possibilities of human error in accidents. Back purpose The United States Department of falsifying defines the UAV as, powered aerial vehicles that do non carry a human operator, use aerodynamic forces to provide vehicle lift, and butt end fly autonomously or be piloted remotely (Bone, 2003, p. 2). United States war on terrorism has put UAVs missions as important in the gathering of intelligence data.Its unque stionable successes in the wars in Iraq, Kosovo, and Afghanistan had opened the force minds on its advantages during wartime. Missions that used to be reserved for Air force top guns, now the UAVs are s unkeptly taking the front seat. UAVs mother two obvious advantages over manned aircrafts first is, they are found to be cost economical and it eliminates the dangers faced by the pilots during missions (Bone, 2003, p2). Bone cites a number of reasons on the seeming delay of the technology of UAV. angiotensin-converting enzyme is because the technology to soundly fly a UAV mission has lonesome(prenominal) recently been made available. Another is due to the Air motors slowly fading silk scarf syndrome, which gave preference to manned over unsettle flight missions, thus allowing for the UAV to gain much flight hours. Yet other is due to the earlier absence seizure of a global crisis, which could have allowed for a quicker invention of the UAV due to the extreme shortage in the U . S. military of an espionage aircraft (2003, p. 5). UAVs size of it varies from a few centimeters in length to that of a 747 jet liner. U. S. Department of Defense currently has in its possession five fictitious characters of UAVs The pirana and worldwide Hawk of the Air Force the pioneer by the Navy and the Marines the hunter and the behind by the Army (Bone, 2003, p2). Despite the notion that UAVs have exclusively recently been developed in the United States, it has been in existence in aviation for almost a century. UAVs were first tested in 1920, during World War 1, but the United States did not put it into combat action. It was Germ any(prenominal) who had laid the foundations on this technology during World War 2, with the invention of the V-1 Flying bomb.But it was to be in the Vietnam War that UAVs were first used as an espionage plane, with AQM-34 enhancebee. Firebee epitomized what the UAV should be versatile, easy to operate, transportable to other areas, and to ilette easily be converted to payload missiles. In a speech by former chair Bush in December of 2001, he had expressed his belief in the UAVs technology, particularly The pirana, as the future(a) of warfare as stated in a report to the American Congress in 2003 by Elizabeth Bone This unmanned aerial vehicle is able to circle our enemy forces, gather intelligence, transmit culture instantly back to containers, then fire on targets with extreme accuracyWere entering an era where unmanned vehicles of all kinds will take on greater wideness (p. 7). U. S. Military U. A. V. s 1. MQ-1 Predator It is about half the size of an F-16 fighter jet, a tail shaped like an inverted V, and is 27 feet in length and 7 feet high. It reaches a maximum altitude of 25,000 feet, but for the fitted video television cameras to work at its best, it needs to be at about 10,000 to 15,000 feet in altitude.Its take moody and arrive capabilities are identical to that of the normal aircraft, with the pilo t on ground control. The Predators main job is airborne reconnaissance and accurate target pinpointing. It is equipped with a Synthetic Aperture Radar, or SAR, enabling it to see through poisonous weather conditions. Newer models in any case have capabilities to launch smaller UAVs to carry out varying missions. Each Predator units estimated cost is $4. 5 million, and $30 million for the whole system (Bone, 2003, p. 25). 2. RQ-2 Pioneer This UAV is the nevertheless type on the Navys and Marines arsenal (Bone, 2003, p. 29). It was obtained by the U. S. Navy in 1986 from Israel after proving its worth with their war with Lebanon. RQ-2 Pioneer is about half the size of the Predator, at 14 feet in length, and its maximum attainable altitude is 15,000 feet. It can remain airborne for 5 hours straight, and since its acquisition, it has accumulated over 23,000 flight hours giving support to the Navy and the Marines. The cost of Pioneer is estimated at $250,000 to $1 million, depending o n the payload (Bone, 2003, p. 30). 3. RQ-5 Hunter The Hunter weighs 1,600 lbs, is capable of flying at 25,000 feet altitude, and can stay airborne for 12 hours straight.It is equipped with E-O/IR sensor which enables it to fly in night missions. Recently, plans have been made to use Hunter to act as a reconnaissance to a squadron of attack helicopters, such as the Apache and RAH-66 Comanche, to maximize the helicopters attack zone. In 2002, a prospered experiment was made wherein Hunters control was linked to the mainframe computers of the Apaches during flight missions. The success of the experiment greatly maximized Apaches efficiency during battle conditions. Weapons payload includes the Brilliant Anti-Armor submunition, or BAT, an effective annihilator of tanks and armored personnel carriers.Hunters cost with payload is $1. 2 million, ad the whole system at $30 million (Bone, 2003, p. 33). 4. RQ-7 Shadow 200 Shadow 200, a product of AAI Corporation, is 11 feet in length and ha s a wingspread of 13 feet. It was strategically designed for brigade operations, thus its range is only 30 nm and has a flight age of 4 hours. And although its maximum attainable altitude is 14,000 feet, it industrial plant best at only under 8,000 feet altitude. The Shadow is equipped with an E-O/IR sensor video camera for day or night missions, and has the capability to transmit data to ground control in real-time.The Shadow cost is pegged at $350,000 while the whole system is at $10. 7 million (Bone, 2003, p. 36). 5. FQM-151 Pointer every last(predicate) the branches of the U. S. military have, in the past, tried to develop their own type of hand-launched Pointer that measures around 6 feet in the last 15 years, and some of them had been on war missions, particularly in gulf War and confection Storm. However, the design officially approved by the Military is the AeroVironments Pointer UAV, which weighs 10 wads, and has a wingspan of 9 feet.It can stay afloat for 90 minutes and has an up to 3-mile operational distance from ground control, within altitudes of 100-300 feet. Pointer UAVs have been best-suited for pay loading experimental miniscule sensors and have been a usual choice for Drug Enforcement Agency, National Guard, and Special Operations Forces (Bone, 2003, p. 37). 5. RQ-4 Global Hawk This UAV is by far the most expensive ever produced, with per unit cost amounting to $75 million (Bone, 2003, p. 39). It specializes in high altitude, long continuance flights that provides near real-time videos of large geographical sections.It is also the first ever UAV to make a successful trans-Pacific flight, when it travelled from California to Australia in April 22-23, of 2001 (Bone, 2003, p. 37). Its effectivity was tested in Afghanistan, when it flew more than 50 combat missions accumulating more than 1,000 combat hours, despite still being on its experimental stage. Global hawk is about the size of a corporate jet, measuring 44 feet in length and wei ghing 26, 750 lbs. Its maximum altitude fasten is almost double than that of a commercial liner, at 65,000 feet, and is capable of flying over 35 hours without refueling.However, Global Hawks most apparent advantage is its capability of taking off, flying, and landing autonomously in any kind of weather. Commanders in the battle field aptly call this UAV as, the theater commanders around-the-clock, low hanging surveillance satellite (Bone, 2003, p. 38). Global Hawks pay load consists of a 2,000 pound group of sensors, which is much larger than on any of the previous UAVs. it includes an all weather SAR with a woful Target Indicator capability, E-O digital camera, IR sensor, and a Signals Intelligence Sensor, or SIGINT, making it a virtually multi-intelligence UAV (Bone, 2003, p. 8). As a testament to its technological superiority, Global Hawks radar-sensors and IR cameras were able to accurately pinpoint Iraqi targets in March 24-27, of 2002, despite of having a near-zero visibili ty on the ground due to a relentless sandstorm in Iraq.6. Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle UCAV is the first ever unmanned aero-system designed primarily and purely for combat missions. It is similar in size to the Air Forces Predator, at 27 feet in length and a wingspan of 34 feet. Equal to manned fighter jets in weaponry and stealth capabilities, the U. S. Armed Forces plan on having one-third of its deep-strike fighter jets be unmanned by the year 2010 (Bone, 2003, p. 42). Due to its 1,000 to 3,000 pound-weapons payload, UCAVs primary combat mission would be SEAD, or Suppression of Enemy Air Defense, to be followed by precision targeting of enemy installations. 7. Vertical Takeoff and landing place Tactical UAV Commonly known as VTUAV Fire Scout, it is a helicopter-looking design intended as a replacement for the Pioneer. It is about 23 feet in length, with a maximum altitude of 20,000 feet and maximum flight duration of 6 hours.Its maximum distance of operations is 110 nm from the co ntrol ship and has a zip of 115 knots (Bone, 2003, p. 43). UTUAV Fire Scout, unlike the Pioneer which utilizes a net in holy order to be cured in a ship, ha the capability of autonomously taking off and landing through the use of sensors. Fire Scout is an unmanned equivalent of the commercial-use Schweitzer helicopter, it ahs an E-O/IR sensor that also serves as a laser targeting designator. It is also capable of mine-detecting, and is equipped with Hellfire missiles. Fire Scouts are being utilized in special operations support and homeland security services (Bone, 2009, p. 4). 8. firedrake Eye it is the opposite of the Global Hawk in terms of range and size. Being a 5-pounder, with just a 45 inch wingspan UAV, the Dragon Eye can provide marines with over-the-hill surveillance of enemy troops, making it an ideal UAV for urban warfare, chemical, as well as biological-oriented missions.It is portable enough to fit in a backpack and can be launched by hand or with a bungee cord. Th is UAV can stay aloft for 1 hour, at a height of 300-500 feet, with speeds of up to 40 mph. Because of its small frame, its production cost which includes three planes, is only at $90,000 (Bone, 2003, p. 7). 9. Dragon Warrior Resembling a small helicopter of about 105 inches long and flight range of 50 miles, and maximum duration of 3 hours, this will be a vertical take off and landing UAV designed for surveillance in urban areas. It will also be equipped with E-O/IR sensor camera and a laser target designator. 10. A-160 Hummingbird The Hummingbird is also an unmanned helicopter designed to have eternal flight duration and distance over the other models, with a range of 2,000 nm and a duration lasting for 48 hours, take to beively.With its maximum flight altitude of 30,000 feet and a speed of 130-140kt, it will greatly incite in surveillance, targeting thru laser designation, communications relaying, weapons delivery to infantries, and special operations missions (Bone, 2003, p. 49). 11. Scan Eagle Boeings UAV can be optionally launched from a ship, on land, or even from a submarine. The idea if to have a horde of 4-foot UAVs linked directly on a submarine for reconnaissance purposes. 12. Eagle Eye This type of UAV takes off like a helicopter, and then flips its rotor blades to fly like an airplane.Its speed is up to 220 knots and has a distance of 300 miles. This type of UAV is suited for patrolling the coastline, locating ships in distress, and also has the capability to transmit videos to command centers. Production cost for the Eagle eye is at $3 million per plane (Bone, 2003, p. 50). 13. Micro Air Vehicle, MAV unlike the UAVs, MAV is only inches in length, and production costs would be in the thousands and not in millions. As an example, the Organic Air Vehicle, or OAV, measures only 9 inches wide. It has a ducted fan design, and carries an E-O sensor, which comes in infrared or acoustic models.Because of its very small size, MAVs can be programmed for watch-and-stare missions on enemy troops while on air, and also while on land. These MAVs can autonomously lift off and land on itself. Modifications have also been done, resulting in the advent of UCAR, or Unmanned Combat Armed Rotorcraft. These will have the capability as a reconnaissance to ground troops, as well as offensive purposes. It will also be capable of system-linking with other manned and UAVs for performing synchronized attacks (Bone, 2003, p. 51). Human Factor in UAV FlightsSince unmanned flights have slowly been gaining popularity in both military and commercial uses, perhaps it will be sooner than we demand for UAVs to replace manned flights permanently. It would be wise for us to give insights on issues concerning cognitive factors affecting the pilots, oddly since accident occurrences in UAV flights have been proven to be over thirty times more universal than in manned aircraft flights (McCarley & Wickens, 2005, p. 2). It is also possible for UAV pilots to be manning more than one aircraft simultaneously, entailing never-before-encountered work load pressures.Manual v Automated Flights 1. It has been widely accepted that the effect of automation has not resulted in the elimination of human workload but the introduction of new ones, forcing the pilots to develop new strategies (McCarley & Wickens, 2005, p. 4). The changing of strategies is often the result descriptive of an weakly system, not of the computer software type, but of the factors that even a perfectly-running automation system would not be able to detect, such as the icing of an UAV wing.2. The present UAV take off and landing automated procedures discord according to the model. Such that the Hunter and the Pioneer require an on-site orthogonal pilot the Predator to be controlled on a separate aircraft within the Ground Control Site while there are some cases, as in Global Hawk, where full automation is integrated. These differences seem to be significant, take off and lan ding errors make up for a majority of accidents attributed to human factors Hunter with 67% and the Pioneer with 78%, both are externally controlled (McCarley & Wickens, 2005, p. ). 3. An external pilot of a UAV basically relies on computer tomography in controlling the aircraft. The visual quality of the mental imagery, however, has the possibility of being diminished due to factors affecting bandwidth, resulting in poor resolution or a delay in image uploading. Situations such as these may prejudice overall aircraft control and visibility of air traffic. This poses a clear danger in military missions, more so in the planned commercial implementation of autonomic control of commercial flights.4. On way of solving the problem stated in 3 is by the use of enhanced reality, or synthetic vision (McCarley & Wickens, 2005, p. 7). In this system, images from the actual camera shots of a UAV will be converted to uncover landmarks on a given terrain, thus creating a virtual reality worl d that the external pilot can manipulate. The problem with this system is that pilots over reliance on synthetic imagery would lead to a possible neglect of some natural landmarks not visible in the imagery system. Thus, using this method would be beneficial for the UAV performance but comes with a potential risk. . One of the resulting make of separating the pilot from the aircraft is that the pilot would be denied of his real-time sensory reactions otherwise available in a manned aircraft, and that he would have to rely on computer monitors provided for by the cameras onboard the UAV. Hence, we can conclude that the external pilot only functions in a relatively sensory isolation from the UAV he is controlling.It would be of utmost importance for the developers to design an alarms system to keep the pilots abreast of the real-time environmental situations and probable system failures. . Since UAV pilots are not in danger of injury or death in the event of their aircraft crashing, this could, in theory, prove to be a big difference in the pilots risk-taking decisions, such as in tone ending through a flight plan on a bad weather. Sensory isolation factor could be magnified during these situations (McCarley & Wickens, 2005, p. 10). 7. The accepted norm during long endurance UAV flights had been to switch control among different external pilots within a single flight.This process usually takes on three types First is the transfer of UAV control from one Ground Control Station to another second is through the transfer of control from one team of operators to another, within the same GCS and last is through the transfer of control from one pilot to another within the same team. It has been documented that a significant number of UAV accidents happened during the transfer from one pilot to another, because the GCS taking over control of the UAV was not properly briefed beforehand (McCarley & Wickens, 2005, p. 0). 8. Instances of a total failure of the Ground Cont rol Station-UAV communications link would prove to be disastrous. This scenario can be considered as a human factor because of the need for the Automated Traffic Center, or ATM, to be aware of the default programs of the UAV system in order to properly manage air traffic within their area. It would also be of the utmost importance for the external pilots themselves to be aware of the communications link failure as quickly as possible.9. Researches on whether undergo manned pilots are better operators than novice manned pilots have ended in differing conclusions. Although generally, as the experiments revealed, experienced manned pilots reached the desired level of performance in landing and basic maneuvering skills faster than that of the novices. other(a) studies, however, based on the Armys Job Assessment Software System, or JASS, revealed that piloting skills does not constitute a great deal in UAV operations, thus making the selection of top pilots as UAV operators insignifica nt (McCarley, & Wickens, 2005, p. 3). 10. Questions on medical qualifications of the UAV operator should also be brought into light. Since physical factors concerning high altitude interim mental perception failure does not concern AUV pilots, still some type of medical fittingness qualifications must be practiced. These must be able to determine if the said qualifications should be more blind drunk or less for the UAV pilots and, work duration limits should be established for long endurance missions.11. Since the pressures and work load of a UAV pilot differs from that of a manned aircraft, and since formal training in flight schools are usually focused on instructing pilots for manned vehicles, which constitute less amount of time on simulations and more on the actual flight, the need arises for a training more attuned to giving more flight simulations to pilots of UAVs. This should be able to determine up to what extent trainee pilots should spend time on simulations in order to obtain a UAV certification. 12. Technological researches must be made to improve on the controls of the external pilot.At present, the controls of the UAV are similar to that of a radio-controlled hobbyists plane. This design poses a problem in the directional movement of the UAV with respect to the controller. As such, when the UAV and the pilot differ in position by 180 degrees, a rightward movement on the rudder will result in leftward movement of the UAV, and vice versa. Control rudders must be made to aline to the principle of human motion compatibility as to avoid further confusion for the pilot (McCarley & Wickens, 2005, p. 6).