Is Drug Addiction a Disease of the Brain Research Paper

Is Drug Addiction a Disease of the Brain - Research Paper ExampleAs for drugs like marijuana and heroin, their molecules consume a similar structure to neurotransmitters, and thus they activate nerve cells in order to form even harmful synaptic connections as well as turn on abnormal messages. Cocaine and methamphetamine, on the other hand, would cause the overproduction of neutransmitters like dopamine, which eventually shuts off synaptic communication or the signaling between neurons and alters the minds reward system (Drug Facts, 2011). As the dependence continues, it is getting harder and harder to bring the dopamine level to normal in order to produce the identical rewarding or satisfying feeling, thus more and more amount of drugs is needed to achieve this. Another effect of drug addiction on the flair is altering glutamate, which is actually associated with the brains reward system and cognitive function. Long term abuse, therefore, may impair the glutamate and consequen tly affect judgment, learning, memory, behavior control, and decision-making activities of the drug addict (Drug Facts, 2011). ... tion is not a brain disease because of two reasons First, the changes in the brain which those who are on the opposite side of the issue show us are not abnormal at all, and second, there is no evidence that the behavior of addicts is compulsive or involuntary (Addiction is NOT, 2012). For the first reason, those who believe that drug addiction is a disease often point out to brain images of neuroadaptations and a totally different prefrontal cortex that both result from a insistent intake of drugs. According to authors of Clean Slate, this is not abnormal at all because any human being can alter the synaptic pathways of his brain barely through constant practice, and the authors point out Begley and Jeffrey Schwartz, who both authored The Mind and The Brain. Both authors pointed out in their book that the scanned images of both experienced and inexper ienced taxi drivers in London are not the same in terms of the prefrontal cortex, but this does not necessarily mean that drivers who do not know practically of the city would have a mental disease. The point is that these brain changes dont need to be brought on by exposure to chemicals, and since there is no physiologic malfunction and that there are no pathologically affected parts, then the author of Clean Slate contends that drug addiction is not a disease (Addiction is NOT, 2012). In fact, the aforementioned claim is rather supported by Satel and Lilienfeld (2007), who state, In the days between binges, cocaine addicts make many normal everyday decisions that have no function to do with drug-seeking. However, although it makes perfect logical sense that drug addicts do not act like drug addicts all the time, it is basically the same thing with AIDS patients since these people can

Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Marketing - Assignment ExampleTo select the best place to commercialise its products orchard apple tree should expatriate porters industry forces between chinaware and Mexico.A lot has been said about the competition between Mexico and China as potential markets for electronic products. The two countries have little in common in terms of culture, social aspects, and political front, but when it comes to business, they have so more similarities. Some many institutions have continued to trust the two economic engines more than the rest of the world markets because of their higher growth rate. In terms of overall potential get power, China stands a better chance than Mexico due to its larger population than the later. The Chinese population is more than hexad times that of Mexico, thus making the boorish a good market destination. However, Bob and Luis (par. 9-12) highlighted that the buying potential power in Mexico is larger than that in China since Mexicos GDP per capita is ap proximately six times higher than that of China standing at $7,467 while that of china is $1,240.The threat of substitutes of electronics and software is important for Apple Inc when marketing its products either in China or in Mexico. China has one disadvantage because it is a potential market for Apples substitute products and people in China would kind of go for a similar product performing similar function at a lower price than buying an expensive one. This means that apple would be forced to sell its products at lower prices China to overcome its competitors products and hence low revenues as suggested by Baidu (13-14). Meanwhile, Mexico would be a great market destination for Apples products since there are few players in the market and the availability of substitute products is low. Thus, the probability of Apple earning better returns in Mexico than in China is high and it is easier to monopolize the

The United States Constitution Essay Example for Free

The United States Constitution EssayI. The United States Constitution is essentially a set of article of beliefs that provides for the framework of our government, establishes the three main branches of government and provides for their functions. It also contains an enumeration of the rights and liberties of the people. It is a relatively short document considering the role it plays in every nation. Because the constitution contains only general principles and policies, it does not set about to cover every eventuality.It also does not seek to provide a solution to every conceivable problems of man. As a result, disputes among those in power and those amid the government and its citizens are likely to arise. Under the constitution, it is the Supreme judicial governing body and the other chat ups that are tasked to interpret the constitution. The concept of judicial interpretation has spanned a number of controversies regarding how the decide are to perform their constitu tional function. Some say that the Supreme Court must adhere to the principle of strict constructionism.Under this principle, in case of doubts in the interpretation of any vague and doubtful provision of the Constitution, the Supreme Court must strictly construe its provision. According to Law. com, strict constructionism refers to the interpretation of the constitution establish on a literal and narrow definition of the language without reference to the differences in conditions when the Constitution was written and modern conditions, inventions and societal changes. ( exigent Construction)This principle is preferred because it protects against judicial activism or judicial legislation which means that the Supreme Court goes beyond its function of mere interpretation and encroaches upon the domains of the legislature. By following this principle, the macrocosm canister be assured that the constitution will not be abused and its meaning will not be changed depending on the whims and caprices of the Justices of the Supreme Court. Strict constructionism is contrasted with the principle of Original goal.Under this principle, the vague and doubtful provision of the constitution is interpreted by means of ascertaining the intent of the framers of the constitution at the time it was enacted. They do this by examining different sources, including contemporary writings, newspaper articles and the notes from the Constitutional normal. This is preferred compared to the principle of Strict Constructionism because it goes beyond the literal wordings of the constitution and determines the reason behind the constitution.It affirms that the reason why the constitution was vaguely written and couched in general terms is because the framers wanted the future generations to refer to the intention of the original framers of the constitution for guidance. Among the arguments against the principle of Original Intent is that the framers may have written the constitution but it was the will of the people who made it happen and who ratified it. Considering that they were merely agents and that the real principals are the delegates to the Constitutional Convention and the people, too much attention to the intent of the framers should be tempered.Secondly, even the framers had differences amongst themselves on some issues. In case of dispute, which intent should be upheld by the Supreme Court? For the present society, it is very troublesome that the intent of a person who has been dead for several generations shall be used as basis for important decisions that may move a persons life and his future. Among the arguments raised against strict constructionism is that it does not give justice to the constitution.As a living document, the constitution must be interpreted in accordance with its spirit that gives life to it not according to its strict and literal meaning that kills it. II. The procedure in novel justice system is essentially different compared to the procedure in bragging(a) courts. In deplorable courts, our criminal justice system takes into account the element of free will. This means the court considers that when the crime was committed, the same was done willfully and intentionally by someone who is in full possession of his mental faculties.As a result, the penalty impose is proportional to the crime committed. On the other hand, when a juvenile commits a crime, the law takes into account that he lacks full intelligence. The law considers that he is still corrigible. As a result, the emphasis is not on punishment and deterrence but on rehabilitation. The following are the differences in the proceedings before juvenile courts and adult criminal court a) the proceedings in the criminal court are public and as a matter of public policy the public can gain access to their degrades except on certain cases.On the other hand, juvenile courts keep the proceedings private so as to avoid cordial stigma being placed upon the juvenile b) another difference is that trial is strictly based on the fact of the commission of crime. No other express that seeks to prove the good character of the accused is generally admissible. On the other hand, juvenile courts take into account in its hearing the fact of the previous record of the juvenile c) the determination in criminal courts is that the accused is either innocent or guilty.On the other hand, juvenile courts ruling is that the juvenile is adjudged delinquent for the purpose of protecting the juvenile against the social stigma d) two proceedings are involved in juvenile courts, once the juvenile is adjudged to be delinquent, another hearing is conducted for the purpose of determining the penalty to be imposed. On the other hand, only a single trial is conducted in adult criminal courts. Once the defendant is adjudged guilty, the finding already includes the proper penalty to be imposed without the need of separate hearing.

Bottled Water Essay Example for Free

Bottled Water EssayThe trend of carrying and consuming body of body of irrigate bottles has expenditly increased in recent years, and its popularity has hit an alltime peak. More and more(prenominal)(prenominal) people are using bottled urine because of its easy assecability, and its conveince. Unaware to most, the useage of bottled water supply has dire effects on the surround, and itself can suffer several wellness risks. Although bottled water can serve as a great convience, the harm it causes to the environment outweights its convience immensly and contrary to popular belief, bottled water is a great deal no healthier than work water. disrespect perceptions that bottled water is healthier than bump water, more times than not, it is not amd bottled water has much more lienant rules when it comes to regulating their water. Bottled water whitethorn be no safer, or healthier, than tap water in m some(prenominal) countries sequence selling for up to 1,000 times the p rice, the World Wildlife Fund said. Bottled water continues to increase its revenue, and is the fastest growing drinkable industry in the world, worth up to $22 billion a year. More than half of all Americans drink bottled water, and about a third of the cosmos consumers bottled water on a regular basis. The increased sale of bottled water has been fueled by ads on television or in magazines of luxurious mountains and beauitful glaciers with cyrstal return springs flowing with the so called purified water. In reality tho, bottled water is not necessarily regulated check or safer than most tap water. The marketing of bottled water is often misleading, implying that water comes from pure springs, when it does not.According to government and industry estmates, about one fourth of botled water is bottled tap water, which is by some accounts as much as fourty percent tap water. The FDAs rules exepmt 60-70 percent of the bottled water that is sell in the United States from the bottled water standards, because FDA said Its rules do not apply to water packed and sold within the same state. The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, dietary supplements, etc. The FDA too expmets carbonated water and many other waters sold in bottles from its bottled water standards, scarce applying a vague sanitation rule that failed to set any specific contamination limits.Contrary to popular belief, the FDAs rules are weaker in many focuss than EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) rules that apply to tap water. The EPA is responsible for protecting human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulations passed by Congress, and it oversees specially big city tap water. Due to bottled water companies not follwing EPA rules and regulations, their water can be more harmful than tap water. For instance, city tap water can contain no E. coli o r fecal coliform bacteria, bacteria that serve as indicators of contamination. The FDA follows no much(prenominal) rule and a certain amount of any type of bacteria is allowed in tap water. Bottled water plants must test for coliform bacteria just at a time a week, as big city tap water must be tested more 100 times a month.City tap water must meet standards for certain important toxic chemics such as phthalate, which can come from plastic, including water bottles. On the other hand, bottled water is too exempt from follwoing this rule. Also, cities must test at least once every four months for many chemical contaminants, water bottlers generally must test only(prenominal) annually. Cities must fork out their water tested by government-certified labs such certified testing is not required for bottled water. Although bottled water on the surface appeasr to be healthier to drink, it is quite the opposite and stricter rules for the regulation of bottled water should be placed to ensure the safety their consumers.People around the world believe that water is clearner and safer to drink than tap water. This has resulted into a multi-billion industry of retailing bottled water, but consequently leads to millions of water bottles being produced every year. Although these water bottles are recycable, it is not smart to recycle these plastics die to the chemical componets that manufacture them. As a result of mass producing these water bottles, it has a serious effect on the environme and millions of empty water bottles end up in landfills every year. One of the harmful effects it has on the environment is it can cause soil contamination as time passes on, and this is mainly due to the chemical the bottle is made up with. These chemicals contaminate the soil and as a result, can overly affect the surrounding plants grwoth because of the contamination.In addition, ground water may end up sinling deeper into the ground and last reaching the ground water reservoi r, meaning that natural water resources are being wasted due to the brass of these water bottles. exclaimed Joe Hartz. Production of plastic used for water bottles take a lot of energy and resources which can also have negative effects on the environment. Professor Alan Hunt said Since there is more power requirements for deed means more fossil fuel is potentially used to achieve the production of water bottles. This can lead to heavily draining of fossil fuel resources. Add to that the fact that more energy and resources are needed from production to stead production of these water bottles which can be considered as a waste of limited energy resources. Another harmful office water bottles hurt the environment is emit pollutants and as a direct result make the air more hamrful to breathe.The industrial plants in which these water bottles are being made also produce other harmful wastes that are harmful to the environment. Bottled water produces up to 1.5 million tons of plastic waste per year. According to Food and Water Watch,plastic requires up to 47 million gallons of oil per year to produce. And while the plastic used to bottle beverages is of high quality and in demand by recyclers. Also, recent studies have shown The Plastics Symbol no. 7 is a recent concern worldwide on discovery that large numbers of no.7 plastics are made with Polycarbonate plastic which, by experimentation were found to leach bisphenol A.This chemical is a known hormonal disruptor causing miscarriages and birth defects according to a study conducted by Case Western stand-in scientists.Although bottled water serves as a great convience, there is many cheap and effective alternatives to carry water and stop the production of water bottles. One way is to buy a distiller or filter to use at home. Distillers are very effective at reducing the levels of most chemicals, except organic chemicals. The distiller boils the water and condenses the steam, removing any contaminants and most chemicals in the process. dawns also serve as a great alternative to bottled water, as it traps particles in a porous material while allowing water to pass through. In this process, it is reducing particles like sand and rust. Although drinking water in the vast majority of homes meets the Environmental Protection Agencys standards for quality, some homeowners use point-of-use water filtration systems to help reduce certain contaminants.Most typically, carbon filters are installed on faucets or used in pitchers or bottles. Filter devices are relatively inexpensive and the now clean and purified water can be put into a reuseable stainless steel or aluminum water bottle. These reusable bottles are a cheap alternative and puts back the ease, comfort, and convience of a water bottle but without hurting the environemnt in any way. Another way to help prevent bottled water hurting the environment is making it into a deposit. In doing this, it would encourage more people to recycle the wa ter bottles, as only 20 percent of people currently recycle the water bottles. This would help dramtically cut back on water bottles being put into a landfill, and ultimately saving the environment also and putting money back into the consumers pocket.All these alternatives are act as a great alternative, as they do not harm the environemnt, and in the long run actually save the consumer money. Not only does an in-home filter or distiller only censt ten cents a gallon, it also provides a safer taste than bottled water. Some colleges are starting to take note of this, as bottled water is trickling away from college campuses nationwide, due to the effort of passionate students and non-profits groups. In addition to removing bottled water from vending machines, stores and cafeterias, students have pushed for reusable bottle hand-outs, water fountains, and filling stations. Were really trying to make it part of the student culture to carry a water bottle, says Clare Pillsbury, a Senior at Macalester.In conclusion, recent studies have shown the harm and the uncleainess of bottled water simply does not outweight its convience. There are many other alternatives that provide cleaner and healthier water than bottled water does. These alternatives also do not harm the environment, and in the long run actually save the consumer money and better circualate the economy. Filtered water or distilled water provide the consumer with a more than adequate source of water,and at this point and time, there is no better choice for worth and a more economically safer choice than filtered tap water.

Rig Veda Study Questions Essay Example for Free

Rig Veda Study Questions EssayStudy Questions As you read the mantras in the Chapters cosmea and Agni, consider these questions. Write down your thoughts and ask your notes to class on Thursday. We will meet in small groups to comp are notes and help each other work out the meaning of the verses.1. What is your initial retort to the Creation Hymn? What parts of it make sense to you? What parts of it do you find confusing? As you read, make notes of these parts. 2. What is your interpretation of the line, There was neither macrocosm nor non-existence then?3. What is the role of water in creation?4. What does the Creation Hymn say about desire? What is the role of desire in creation?5. The Creation Hymn ends with an open question about the role of an ultimate creator. What is this question? What is the significance of this question?6. What is the Golden Embryo? What is its role in creation?7. In Purusha, Hymn of Man, why do the gods dismember Purusha? What is Purusha? What is the meaning of the sacrifice? What is the result of it?8. In The Birth Of The Gods, only two gods are actually mentioned by name. Who are they? How were they born?Agni1. Agni is the god of what? What is his role? What benefits does he spiel his worshippers? (note the verses are a bit obscure and riddle-like. You may need to do some internet probing for this.)2. Agni and The Gods, (Page 99 verses five through nine) describe the meaning of which important Hindu Ceremony? What is happening during this ceremony? What is meant by the statement that whether the sacrifice is offered to this god or that god, the oblation is always to Agni?3. In The Birth Of Agni, what does the first verse mean in which it is said that the mother concealed the birth from the father?4. In The tyke Of The Waters, (a pseudonym for Agni), the god born in the water manifests as a fire that burns without fuel and shines forever with undarkened flames. Yet in the final verses, women bring him butter (ghee) as hi s food, and offer him oblation. What is meant here by Agni being both inexhaustible and yet also in need of being brought food?

The Significance Of The English Language English Language Essay

The Significance Of The side Language English Language bear witnessEnglish row is really considered as a significant manner of speaking since it has been uptaked for communicating worldwide. Therefore, scholarship English is precise common in umpteen countries and language development styles, peculiarly avering styles be learned differently by students in globalization. More centrally, language erudition styles atomic number 18 the core factors that inspection and repair decide how the students learn a foreign language. In the article by (Rebecca, 2003), a foreign language is a language studied in an environs where it is not the major vehicle for every day communication and where input in the language is classified.In an article by Mulalic et al. (2009), students erudition styles agree been unremarked as an irrelevant module in the learning process. App atomic number 18ntly, once lecturers become aw be that different students learn various styles, they try to acco mmodate those learning styles in the schoolroom. When faceing into lecturers education practices, it is possible to understand that the majority of the lecturers argon not sensitive with their students learning styles. The problems occur when lecturers are not aware of the significance to micturate and explore learning styles.In second language teaching or learning touchs for academic goals, especially in higher education in English universities which sire far-reaching use of academic materials compose in English, see is vital. Surely, with fall out recitation proficiency, second language readers cannot achieve at levels they content. Consequently, happy interpreting in a second language is important. Also, professional in second language education should take into consideration with approaches which can develop the learners variant skills. Interactive approaches to interpretation are crucial for recognizing the complicated nature of reading, specifically when it happe ns in a second language and culture (Carrell, Devine Eskey, 2000).In the beginning of 1970s, queryers became aware that learning strategies, styles, and personal characteristics could have significant influence in language acquisition. Michael OMalley and Anna Chamot and their colleagues conducted a lot of learning strategies (reading, writing, speaking, listening, vocabulary, etc) and grouped them into three main categories. The first category was metacognitive strategy, which included organization, perception, and evaluation in gaining cogniseledge. The second category is cognitive strategy, which emphasized in learning assignments and its applications. The third one and only(a) was socioaffective strategy, which focused on interpersonal interaction and social-mediating activity (Brown, 2000).In a globalized world, reading serves as a primary medium for breeding transmission and communication. Beneficially, reading improves cognitive capacity, sharpens critical thinking abil ity and enhances problem-solving skills, and it may even translate the development of individuals. Stanovich (1986) suggested that upright readers will read more and read better while poor readers read less, and in turn obstruct further branch in reading ability.Since English language has been introduced in Cambodia, EFL students learning styles have adapted to the language acquisition. In the past students were likely to get knowledge by dint of listening to the teachers while teachers lacked specific training active teaching methodology. In the teach by (Nguyen 2001), the learning style of Cambodian students is typically memorization at the expense of realistic endeavor. Consequently, they would rather learn grammar and reading than on listening and speaking. Specifically, most Cambodian learners feel more comfort fit and enjoyable with having things which are written on the whiteboard in rule that they can write them down and study at home. Hopefully, students hope to ge t handouts of summaries or lecture outlines. Furthermore, some Cambodian learners set off that they face a lot of pressures of how to adapt the new cultural environment and how to get on with their peers in class. Some feel lonely because the substances they fix up or talk are so different.As for the case of EFL Cambodian classrooms, Keuk (2009), found that most teachers use practical habitual teaching methods such as vocabulary translation from second language to first language. As a result, students are taught to remember chunks of English language with mainly focused on grammar and vocabulary.1.2 search ProblemsWithout recognizing proper learning styles, particularly reading styles students seem not to achieve better results in their academic per radiation patternance and their English proficiency seems to be slow. Furthermore, students are less likely to improve their language acquisition very quickly, as they do not know the effective learning reading skills. In injure of the variety of academic courses which the EFL undergraduate students take in English, and the tough efforts universities and lecturers apply to develop students language skills, the students language performance, unfortunately, has been tedious. This could be recognized to the diverse learning styles and habits which are used by students in studying English, including preferring having things written on the whiteboard to listening to the lecturers explanation, nervousness of speaking in classroom, preferring working individually and personally to working in pairs or groups, and translating the rowing they do not know into their own language while reading the textbook. Frequently, encountering new words in reading is common for learners, especially L2 learners. It may not obstruct the ecumenical understanding of the text, just now if too numerous words are not known, then intellectual capacity major power suffer a lot. Pedagogically, most of the lecturers practice traditional teaching method, grammar translation method form first language to second language while teaching English language. The final noticeable problem is that large classes pose some significant challenges in class room setting and reduced effectiveness of classroom management.In a study by Nuttal (1982), students learning English seem to be slow due to the fact that they do not have opportunities to read a lot. Most of the class time is devoted to learning closely the language, that is learning grammar and learning to read done translation. Students are taught in a traditional way. They approach their reading assignment by putting all their effort and concentration into the passages they read. They carefully read the passage word by word. When reading and encountering an strange word, they stop reading and look up the meaning of the word in a dictionary. This reading behavior not only slows down their reading speed, but also hinders their reading comprehension.1.3 Objectives of StudyT his study aims specifically to determine the learning reading of EFL undergraduate students in Cambodia. An additional aim of the research is to explore the affects and the outcomes of undergraduate students in learning reading in English as a foreign language.1.4 Research QuestionsThis research aims to investigate the effective factors in learning reading skills in English as a foreign language. The following research questions can be formulated for the study.Are there any differences in learning reading among Cambodian undergraduates?Is there a correlation between learning styles and learning outcomes?1.5 Significance of StudyAs a part of educational development, this study is significant for four reasons. First, exploring students learning styles in reading in English in Cambodian higher education will help improve students language acquisition. Second, the study will shed light on the effective learning reading of EFL successful Cambodian undergraduates, which can be used as a place of learning reading in English. Third, this research will help to contribute to the usefulness of appropriate reading teaching and learning techniques in order to promote reading skills, particularly in EFL Cambodian context. In addition, from a methodological perception, it is also hoped that the findings from this study will be useful for providing second language reading and several strategies for reading comprehension based on Brown (2001). More importantly, the findings will help to develop the students capability of dealing with unknown words in their English vocabulary learning process, help to improve their reading comprehension, and conduct more beneficial suggestions for both English teaching and English learning.1.6 definition of TermsIn an attempt to better understand this study, some key terms are defined as follows.EFL students learning styles mean techniques, behaviors, actions, habits and steps apply by learners learning English as a Foreign Language to impro ve and develop their different language skills speaking, listening, reading, and writing. Moreover, the term learning style refers to the full general approach preferred by the student when learning a subject, acquiring a language, or dealing with a difficult problem (Oxford 2001 Reid 1998)Extensive reading refers to the improving well habitual reading, increasing knowledge of vocabulary and body structure, and motivating a connecting in reading (Richard Schmidt, 2002 193-194).1.7 Proposed ChapterThis paper will be chronologically imperturbable of five main chapters. Chapter one is the introduction, consisting of background of the study, researcher problem, research objective, research question, significance of the study, and definition of key concepts. Chapter two is literature review, which discusses on the problems and solutions of the study. Chapter three is methodology, which consists of research design, participants, method, instruments, tools data collection, data analysis , ethnical consideration, strengths and limitation of research. Chapter four is discussion and findings, presenting the findings related to the effective learning reading skills to make students learn effectively. Chapter five is conclusion and recommendation, summarizing the problems and findings of the study and suggesting some strategies to help improve the weaknesses. Moreover, these five chapters are followed systematically by references and appendices.1.8 Conceptual FrameworkSince English has become popular and international language for communicating, many learning styles are applied in a broader educational context in Cambodia. In Cambodian universities, students learning reading skills inside and out of doors the classroom are identified as follows skimming and scanning, semantic mapping or clustering, previewing and predicting, strategies for reading comprehension, interactive reading model, three-part model of reading, extensive reading.Cambodian undergraduate students l earning reading skillsSkimming and ScanningPreviewing and PredictingStrategies for directing ComprehensionInteractive Reading ModelThree-part Model of ReadingExtensive ReadingMetacognitive Knowledge and Self monitorTeaching Second Language Reading SkillsThe Affects of Students Learning Styles and Learning OutcomesCHAPTER2LITERATURE REVIEWReading involves a variety of factors which may have an impact on learners reading ability. Weaver (1988) defined reading as the process of constructing meaning through the energetic interaction among the readers existing knowledge, the info recommended by the written language, and the situation in reading context.In a study by (Miller Yochum, 1991 Donnell Wood, 1999), maintained that the reading difficulties students face may be related to inaccurate knowledge of the reading process, lack interest and motivation, fluency, concept density, organization, and difficult vocabulary.Heffernan (1999) as cited in Aqel (2006), determined that many studies on language learning styles applied and gained differently base on motivation and outcome, level of language , years of learning language, teaching methods, difficult content, and students background and sex. He also added that successful language learners use various styles in learning language, and the teacher can help in increasing learning styles through teaching strategies that probably help weak students to choose the appropriate learning styles for dissimilar educational t takes.2.1 Reading Skills2.1.1 Skimming and ScanningIn their book More Reading Power, Mikulecky Jeferies (1996) say that skimming and scanning are the two important strategies.Skimming is high-speed reading which can make unnecessary students a lot of time. Students skim to get the broad idea or gist of a text or a book, the main subject field, and some of the supporting ideas. Students should read the words which help them gain the sense of the passage. Also, teachers can train students to skim passage s by large-minded those 30 seconds to look through a few pages of material, close their books and then tell you what they learned. More importantly, there are three effective strategies for skimming (1) Read quickly as you can (2) keeping in mind the reason for skimming (3) be flexible while you are skimming the passage (pp.132-133).Scanning, however, is very high-speed reading. Students should have a question in their mind when they scan the text they do not read every word, only the words which suffice the question. Practicing scanning will help students learn to skip over insignificant words in order that they can read more rapidly. For example, teachers investigate students to look for names, dates, to find a definition of a key concept or to list a certain number of supporting details. For academic English, scanning is short essential. In general English, scanning is important in dealing with genres like schedules, manuals, forms, etc (pp.15-16).2.1.2 Previewing and Predict ingMikulecky et.al (1996), students should make a difference before they read. They can get some ideas closely what they are going to read. As a result, they will start to process the information faster as well as they will be able to catch the ideas of the writer better. Even though it takes two or three minutes to preview and predict, those minutes are well invested. Later, they will find that they save lots of time in reading and improve comprehension. Here are the hints for previewing and predicting about language text (1) read the title of the passage (2) decide what way of the text it is (3) look at the organization of the text (4) read very fast the first line of each paragraph or sub-division (5) notice perennial names, numbers, dates, and words (6) read rapidly the very last few sentences in the last paragraph.2.1.3 Strategies for Reading ComprehensionComprehension or reading strategies show how readers conceive of a task, how they make sense of what they read, and what they do when they do not understand. In short, such strategies are processes used by the learner to improve reading comprehension and conquer comprehension failures (Singhal, 2001).In a second language study, Hosenfeld (1977) used a think-aloud procedure to identify relations between certain types of reading strategies and successful or unsuccessful second language reading. The successful reader, for instance, kept the meaning of the passage in mind while reading and skipped less important words but the unsuccessful reader lost the meaning of the sentences when decoded and seldom skipped unimportant words.In an article by Youngmee Suh (2005), one of the helpful strategies for reading comprehension is to be aware of the determination in reading. Teachers should direct students how to get information through reading, to follow directions to do a task, for pleasure, to get in touch with friends and classmates, to know what is misfortune around the world, to discover out when and whe re things are, and for being interested about a topic. Furthermore, clear recognition of the intention in reading something is necessary for effective reading. Doing this, we know what we are finding out and we are not disturbed by other information. Consequently, it is compulsory for English reading lecturers to make sure students know their purpose in reading something.2.1.4 Interactive reading modelWhilst a reader constantly moves from a top-down approach to guess feasible meaning to bottom-up approach to prove all the details in interactive reading, interactive-compensatory model. Based on the study by Stanovich(1986), any stage functions interactively with any other stage. Readers are thought to increase the reading processes efficiently. In this model, less-automatic processes cooperate recurrently, and automatic processes activate independently. Therefore, reading difficulties are overcome by both interaction and compensation. According to Youngmee Shu (2005) declared thatthe reader brings information, knowledge, emotion, experience, and culture to the text. There are two types of strategyta, content schemata and formal schemata. Content schemata include our knowledge about people, the world, culture, and the universe, however, formal schemata include knowledge about discourse structure such as illustration, cause-effect, or comparison are broadly studied because reading comprehension is a subject of developing proper, skilled comprehension strategies. Some of the strategies are associated with bottom-up processes and others with the top-down processes, each of which can be practically applied to classroom techniques2.1.5 Three-part Model of ReadingAccording to cry et.al (1999), there is a positive relationship between reading strategies and successful reading. Moreover, a reading class should be planned focusing on three-part model of reading with interactive activities. Lecturers should present different techniques to teach effectively reading in t hree various levels of reading, pre-reading, while- reading, and post-reading. Based on Youngmee Shu (2005) identified thatIn pre-reading level, schema of the text should be activated. Teachers often introduce a topic and ask questions about the text. Students skim the text for an overview of main ideas. Students tune in to the context and topic of the text and consider how the while-reading activity will be done.While-reading is for purposeful reading. Students work on certain facts or rhetorical devices to have a sense of purpose for reading2.1.6 Extensive ReadingIn their book Extensive Reading in the Second Language classroom, Day and Bamford (1998) state the following characteristics for the Extensive speak to reading as much as possible, book after book, where the meaning is the focus, students select their own readings, students cover a variety of materials and topics, students read for pleasure, information and general understanding, reading is its own reward, reading materi als are within the range of the students linguistic competence, reading is individual and silent, reading speed is usually fast, reading teachers are guides and facilitators, and teachers are role models of a reader for students. This approach can be very beneficial and rewarding to student readers. Day and Bamford mention the following benefits developing solid reading habits, encouraging a liking for reading, developing structure and vocabulary, increasing general second language competence, developing automaticity, enhancing background knowledge, improving comprehension skills, and promoting corporate trust and motivation.In an article by Ming-yueh Shen (2008), reading extensively is to expose students to a great amount of reading materials, enhance students reading fluency, and develop a good reading habit.2.1.7 Metacognitive knowledgeMetacognitive knowledge and self monitoring are the significant elements of fluent reading skills. Knowledge about cognition including knowledge about language, relating to identifying patterns of structure and organization, and using appropriate strategies to achieve specific goals (e.g., comprehending texts, remembering information). Connected with reading this will consist of recognizing the vital information in a text adjusting reading rate using context to deal with a misunderstood part skimming portions of the text previewing headings pictures, and summaries using search strategies for finding specific information formulating questions about the information using a dictionary using word formation and affix information to guess word meanings taking notes underlining and summarizing information. Monitoring of cognition regarding to recognizing problems with information presented in the texts or incapacity to accomplish expected aims. In addition, the ability to use metacognitive skills successfully is broadly recognized as a critical fixings of reading skills.The Affects of Studentslearning Styles and Learning Outcomes Since the learning of students is likely to accomplish the better outcomes, there are some effective learning styles and strategies are applied to students learning. As stated by Youngmee shu (2005)Bottom-up models are based on text- or data-driven operations. In bottom-up process, the letters, words and language features in the text are decoded while reading, and through this process, readers understand intensive and local meaning of the text. The reader is considered as a scientist with a magnifying glass examining the details. On the other hand, top-down models are based on meaning- or conceptually-driven operations. The reader is compared as a person with an eagles eye view of a landscape below. Schema (prior) knowledge for prediction is an important operation for a reader to understand and infer the meaning of the text. More recent research on teaching reading has shown that a combination of top-down and bottom-up processing called interactive reading is important. The interact ive model suggests that the reader constructs meaning by the selective use of information from all sources of meaning (graphemic, phonemic, morphemic, syntax, semantics) without adherence to any one set order. The reader simultaneously uses all levels of processing even though one source of meaning can be primary at a given time.CHAPTER3METHODOLOGY3.1Research designUnlike the qualitative approaches, quantitative research is conducted to analyse the theory of natural setting (Fraenkel Wallen, 2000). Since the intent of this study significantly is to identify the differences of learning reading skills of Cambodian undergraduate students, the researcher will use a cross-sectional survey research. The researcher will explore the learning reading styles of EFL Cambodian undergraduate students.3.2 ParticipantsThe target population in this study will be students in three private universities in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. The simple random ingest will be employed in order to win information. The participants will be selected through the help of table of random numbers. The sample consists of 100 students, who are studying English Literature in those universities. Also, the researcher will choose 40 female and 60 male students. Before conducting interviews, the researcher will make an appointment and notify the reasons of visit to the Rector of University.3.3 Research instrumentsWith the purpose of getting trustworthy information, the researcher will use written questionnaire and structured interview to obtain data from participants. The questionnaire will consist of 2 parts. In part 1, there are 42 Likert Scale items. The students will be asked to fork up their responses about learning reading both inside and outside classroom. As for part 2, there are four open-ended questions, which a researcher will use to ask them to provide their answers based on their ideas. To ensure content validity, the researcher discussed the problem with the English language teachers who h ave had experience in teaching English. Reading test will be used to measure to outcomes of the students and questionnaire contains the common learning reading skill of students. Apart from this, interview will be utilized to get information about perception of students on a variety of students learning style.3.4 selective information collectionThe pilot test will be distributed to participants before conducting interview. Prior to carrying out the interviews, the researcher will ask permission from university rector and students. The researcher expects interview will take 30 minutes and occur in the universities or outside the universities. The options for selecting site for interview will be provided for the participants because it helps reduce the participants difficulties. Moreover, the study objective will be verbally informed to participants before conducting interviews. The researcher susceptibility ask different participants to answer the questions based on their preference s. The students will be asked to provide their responses about the learning reading of EFL Cambodian undergraduate students based on their ideas.3.5 Data analysisAfter collecting data from the field setting, the researcher will identify any information about the number of members of participants who will not reappearance the survey or response in any questions in order to prevent any respondent bias. The data will be carefully canvass through SPSS in an attempt to explore scores, percentages and means of students reading skills. The scores of students will be converted into mean in order to compare students with students who use different styles of learning and their learning outcomes.3.6 Ethical considerationTo successfully conduct this study, the researcher will take into consideration about some safeguards. First, the consent form will be given to the participants to sign if they really agree to join in the study. Second, the purpose of this study will be clearly informed to pa rticipants in order to build mutual understanding and rapport. Third, the researcher will profoundly tell the participants that their participation will be voluntary and stopping from interviews will be the participants choice. Finally, the researcher will keep data collected in secret place which no one besides researcher will have access code to get it. Furthermore, I will bring together the names of participants but keep them confidential. Personal identifiers will be released to the public in a way that protects the identification of participants.3.7 Limitation of researchThis study is guided with the following limitations, which affect the generality of the finding. First, the study focuses three universities English students in Department of English. Second, the study may be limited in its analysis or generality as it will be conducted in three private universities, in which 100 students will be selected randomly. Third, since this study will mainly explore only important lea rning reading, some points might be ignored. However, the purpose of this study is not to provide the broad generalization but to explore the learning reading of Cambodian undergraduate students in three universities in Phnom Penh. Therefore, the above-mentioned compounding circumstances might limit understanding and evaluation however, these are generally overwhelmed and controlled by the research design.

Graphene Oxide With Covalently Linked Porphyrin Antennae

Graphene Oxide With Covalently Linked Porphyrin AntennaeSwetanshu TandonPaper Title Graphene oxide with covalently linked porphyrin antennae Synthesis,characterization and photophysical properties.Relevant spectroscopical TechniquesUV-visible spectrometryATR-IR spectroscopic analysisRaman spectrographic analysisFluorescence spectroscopyTransient assiduousness spectroscopyIntroductionIn this paper, the authors describe the synthesis, characterisation and properties of a hybrid material, GO-H2P, obtained by treating graphene oxide (GO) with 5-(4-aminophenyl)-10, 15, 20-triphenyl-21, 23H-porphyrin (H2P). The characterisation has been do by UVvisible, ATR-IR (Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared) and Raman spectroscopy. Steady call forth and time resolved fluorescence studies and transient absorption measurements were also conducted to study the electron transfer fulfill from H2P to graphene oxide by photoexcitation. Morphological characterisation has been carried out with the m ilitary service of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Cyclic voltametry and differential pulsed voltametry were conducted to study the electrochemical indications like redox potentials.Choice of techniquesSpectroscopic techniques have been carried out on the GO-H2P material dispersed in dimethylformamide at concentration not transcend 1 mg/mL. UV-visible spectroscopy has been employed in this study due to the presence of porphyrin group which have a characteristic absorption around 420 nm (Soret band) corresponding to a1u()eg*() transitions and a light-headed absorption near 550 nm (Q band).The Soret band involves transition from ground state to second excited state sequence Q band involves transition from ground state to first excited state. Graphene oxide also shows a characteristic transition at 230 nm again corresponding to -* transitions. The nature of linkage can be investigated with the help of this technique.ATR-IR spectroscopy has been used in the study in prepare to characterise the OH, C=O, and COH bands present in graphene oxide which have characteristic vibrations. Also, in order to confirm the formation of GO-H2P hybrid by the formation of amide units amidst carboxylic group of graphene oxide and amine group of the porphyrin derivative, ATR-IR spectroscopy can be used.Raman spectroscopy has been used to follow the transformation of graphite to graphene oxide and foster to GO-H2P. The sp2 hybridisation in all the three materials, i.e. graphite, graphene and graphene oxide, leads to the formation of different peaks due to first and higher order scattering process. The presence of -electrons make the scattering process resonant consequently making the response stronger.The fluorescence properties of porphyrin derivatives due to - * transitions surrounded by the cardinal highest occupied molecular orbitals and the two lowest occupied molecular orbitals within the ring justifies the use fluorescence sp ectroscopy in the study. Fluorescence spectroscopy has been used to examine the nature of electronic interaction between graphene oxide and H2P.The photoexcitability of GO-H2P leads to the application of transient absorption spectroscopy. Transient absorption spectroscopy has allowed the examination of the phenomenon of quenching of luminescence in further detail.Information ObtainedA broad monotonically change magnitude signal on moving from ultraviolet to visible region was obtained in the UV-visible spectrum of GO-H2P which is characteristic of graphene oxide. The spectrum was obtained in a solution of dimethylformamide at concentration not exceeding 1 mg/mL as mentioned before. Broadening and shortening of the band at 420 nm, characteristic of H2P (Soret-band), is also observed besides its bathochromic shift (by ca. 2 nm) while the Q bands were flattened to the base line. Bathochromic shift signifies increased conjugation. So, it can be concluded that not only there is a linkag e between GO and H2P units and also electronic interactions between the two.The ATR-IR spectra provided in the supporting victimization reveals a peak at 1715 cm-1 corresponding to C=O vibration. The fingerprints are at 3616 cm-1 and 3490 cm-1due to OH stretching due to their high bond strength. The covalent linkage between GO and H2P moieties is supported by the presence of a peak at 1630 cm-1 which is characteristic of carbonyl group of amide units. The signal due to graphene layer appears in the region 1650 1550 nm.In the Raman spectrum for graphite the G-band, characteristic of all sp2 hybridised carbons, is present at 1580 cm-1. The G/ (or 2D)-band the first overtone of the D peak which is also a characteristic of all sp2 hybridised carbons is located at 2725 cm-1 as a sharp and symmetric band. For GO, the Raman spectrum shows a D band, which is a characteristic of disorder for sp2 hybridised carbons, at 1345 cm-1. This accounts for the defects produced due to the oxidati on of graphite. Also, the G/-band in GO appears broader and hypsochromically shifted thereby implying the presence of single and bilayers of GO sheets which is further supported by AFM analysis. The Raman spectrum of GO-H2P is almost identical to that of GO. This means that treatment with H2P perturbs the graphene layer of GO to a very small extent.IR as well as Raman spectroscopic techniques have been used in this study to follow the formation of GO-H2P from graphite. Both these techniques complement each other as one (infrared spectroscopy) is applicable to vibrational modes in which the dipole moment of the molecule is altered while the other (Raman spectroscopy) is applicable to modes involving change in the electric polarizability. ATR-IR spectroscopy provides information of the functional groups and thus helps in following and confirming the formation of GO-H2P from graphene oxide and the porphyrin derivative. Raman spectroscopy, on the other hand, supports the observations ob tained by infrared spectroscopy. Also, it provides an insight of the extent of disorder of the graphene layer which keeps vibrating. The D band gives information about the extent of disorder in graphene layers. UV-visible spectroscopy provides information about the nature of interaction between GO and H2P units. It, in addition to the data provided by IR and Raman spectroscopy, points out that transfer of electrons might be possible between the porphyrin units and graphene oxide layers.The nature of electronic interactions of the H2P units with the graphene oxide sheets has been further investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy. On excitation with 418 nm radiation, characteristic fluorescence procession H2P, in dimethylformamide, at 660 nm and 716 nm are observed. In GO-H2P, these dismissions are significantly quenched. The emission at 660 nm is also shifted by 10 nm hypsochromically. Quantifying the quenching of the porphyrin emission in this hybrid material tends to be a little difficult because of interference from the absorption of graphene oxide at the excitation wavelength. However, the useful emission quenching of porphyrin in the GO-H2P hybrid indicates that electronic interactions between the singlet excited state of the porphyrin and graphene oxide are dominant.The fluorescence lifetime of photoexcited porphyrin in GO-H2P hybrid have been metrical to be 675 ps (50%) and 1600 ps (50%) which is significantly lower than that of the whole porphyrin, H2P (2900 ps (100%)). This further supports the efficient emission quenching by the graphene sheets. The effective quenching of the fluorescence emission due to H2P in GO-H2P implies electronic interaction between the singlet excited state of H2P with GO. So, H2P acts as an energy absorber unit and GO unit acts as an electron transporting unit.Transient absorption spectrum complements the information obtained from fluorescence spectroscopy using Nd-YAG laser. The Q band can be photoexcited by using a las er light source of 532 nm which led to the population of the singlet excited state of H2P. The band absorption, in the transient absorption spectrum, due to oxidised porphyrin species (H2P+) lies in the visible region at 610 nm. The band observed at 450 nm is the characteristic feature of porphyrin and is almost identical to the one observed in the transient absorption spectroscopy of intact H2P. It occurs due to triplet-triplet absorption of the porphyrin. The bands in the near infrared region are due to the electrons trapped within the reduced graphene sheets (GO) in which absorption is observed in the near infrared region due to the presence of GO species. This is further supported by the absorption spectrum of electrochemically reduced graphene oxide. Thus, transient absorption spectrum provides evidence in support of the formation of charge separated radical ion pair GO H2P+. The depletion observed near 1100 nm is due to the fundamental YAG laser. The decline of transient abso rption with time is a proof of the development of charge recombination which de-excites the radical ion pair back to its ground state. The decay profile for these transient species gave a charge-recombination rate unbroken (kCR) of 1.8 X 107 s1. This allows the evaluation of the lifetime of the radical ion pair GO H2P+ which comes out to be 56 ns in dimethylformamide. This further confirms that the charge separation is the cause of fluorescence quenching.The emission and transient absorption spectroscopy give information about the conductive nature of GO-H2P hybrid. As pointed out in the observations of UV-visible spectroscopy, the nature of bond in between graphene oxide and H2P if not purely covalent but involves electronic interaction too. Fluorescence spectroscopy helps in further examining the nature of interaction of the GO-H2P linkage. It confirms the observations of UV-visible spectroscopy and indicates the presence of charged species as inferred by the short fluorescence lifetime profile. Transient absorption spectroscopy further confirms this. Also, it confirms that the observations of cyclic voltammetry and differential pulsed voltametry which indicate the presence of radical ion pairs GO H2P+. It also indicates the development of charge recombination which drives the radical ion pair back to its ground state. Overall, it gets confirmed that H2P can easily get photoexcited and transfer electron to graphene oxide which is able to capture these electrons effectively.Additional spectroscopic information that may provide useful informationThe presence of porphyrin moiety makes this substance particularly interesting. This is because of the characteristic Soret band which is used for its identification. Also, the molar extinction coefficient for porphyrins is exquisite high. 5-(4-aminophenyl)-10, 15, 20-triphenyl-21, 23H-porphyrin, which has been used in the analysis, is chiral in nature. So, circular dichroic spectroscopy can be conducted. The high value of the molar extinction coefficient would be helpful as it increases the sensitiveness of the technique in this study carried out over this porphyrin derivative covalently linked to graphene oxide. The chiral nature would not only help in supporting the data obtained by various characterisation techniques (infrared, UV-visible, Raman spectroscopy) but would prove helpful in the conformational and configurational analysis of the porphyrin as well. It might also help in exploring the chiral nature of the GO-H2P hybrid.Spectra and Tables